The importance of the Rcs phosphorelay in the survival and pathogenesis of the enteropathogenic yersiniae

Hinchliffe, Stewart J.; Howard, Sarah L.; Huang, Ya‐Hui; Clarke, David J.; Wren, Brendan W.

doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/012534-0

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Genome expression studies, in fact, show that most of the genes of the Rcs regulon encode proteins related to envelope homeostasis (20,23,30,31,46,55). Here, we also studied the role of IgaA as an attenuator of the RcsCDB system with a strategy based on genome expression profiling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, 46 genes with altered expression were identified when rcsB ϩ and ⌬rcsB strains were compared (46); 32 genes were identified when rcsC ϩ and ⌬rcsC strains grown at low temperatures, in glucose, and with high zinc concentrations were compared (30); and 149 genes were identified when profiles of rcsC ϩ and ⌬rcsC bacteria overexpressing DjlA were compared (23). The Rcs regulon of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis has been estimated to be formed by at least 136 genes, with 60% of the genes encoding functions related to envelope homeostasis (31). In serovar Typhimurium, 26 RcsB-dependent but RcsA-independent genes were reported upon exposure of bacteria to sublethal concentrations of antimicrobial peptides (20).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Genome Expression Analyses Revealing the Modulation of the Salmonella Rcs Regulon by the Attenuator IgaA

Mariscotti

Portillo

2009

J Bacteriol

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Intracellular growth attenuator A (IgaA) was identified as a Salmonella enterica regulator limiting bacterial growth inside fibroblasts. Genetic evidence further linked IgaA to repression of the RcsCDB regulatory system, which responds to envelope stress. How IgaA attenuates this system is unknown. Here, we present genome expression profiling data of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium igaA mutants grown at high osmolarity and displaying exacerbated Rcs responses. Transcriptome data revealed that IgaA attenuates gene expression changes requiring phosphorylated RcsB (RcsBϳP) activity. Some RcsB-regulated genes, yciGFE and STM1862 (pagO)-STM1863-STM1864, were equally expressed in wild-type and igaA strains, suggesting a maximal expression at low levels of RcsBϳP. Other genes, such as metB, ypeC, ygaC, glnK, glnP, napA, glpA, and nirB, were shown for the first time and by independent methods to be regulated by the RcsCDB system. Interestingly, IgaA-deficient strains with reduced RcsC or RcsD levels exhibited different Rcs responses and distinct virulence properties. spv virulence genes were differentially expressed in most of the analyzed strains. spvA expression required RcsB and IgaA but, unexpectedly, was also impaired upon stimulation of the RcsC3 RcsD3RcsB phosphorelay. Overproduction of either RcsB ؉ or a nonphosphorylatable RcsB(D56Q) variant in strains displaying low spvA expression unveiled that both dephosphorylated RcsB and RcsBϳP are required for optimal spvA expression. Taken together, our data support a model with IgaA attenuating the RcsCDB system by favoring the switch of RcsBϳP to the dephosphorylated state. This role of IgaA in constantly fine-tuning the RcsBϳP/RcsB ratio may ensure the proper expression of important virulence factors, such as the Spv proteins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome Expression Analyses Revealing the Modulation of the Salmonella Rcs Regulon by the Attenuator IgaA

Mariscotti

Portillo

2009

J Bacteriol

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“…The Rcs phosphorelay has been implicated in the synthesis of virulence factors in Pcc and other plant-pathogenic bacteria and also in human pathogens (Hinchliffe et al, 2008;Mouslim et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2009Wang et al, , 2007. RcsB activates the biosynthesis of capsular exopolysaccharides, transcription of the cell division gene, ftsZ, transcription of a cell envelope protein, osmC, and transcription of RprA RNA to increase expression of the stationary-phase sigma factor, RpoS, in E. coli (Carballes et al, 1999;Davalos-Garcia et al, 2001;Gervais et al, 1992;Gottesman et al, 1985;Majdalani et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A role for the Rcs phosphorelay in regulating expression of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum

et al. 2010

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The Rcs phosphorelay is a signal transduction system that influences the virulence phenotype of several pathogenic bacteria. In the plant pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) the response regulator of the Rcs phosphorelay, RcsB, represses expression of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE) and motility. The focus of this study was to identify genes directly regulated by the binding of RcsB that also regulate expression of PCWDE genes in Pcc. RcsB-binding sites within the regulatory regions of the flhDC operon and the rprA and rsmB genes were identified using DNase I protection assays, while in vivo studies using flhDC : : gusA, rsmB : : gusA and rprA : : gusA gene fusions revealed gene regulation. These experiments demonstrated that the operon flhDC, a flagellar master regulator, was repressed by RcsB, and transcription of rprA was activated by RcsB. Regulation of the rsmB promoter by RcsB is more complicated. Our results show that RcsB represses rsmB expression mainly through modulating flhDC transcription. Neverthless, direct binding of RcsB on the rsmB promoter region is possible in certain conditions. Using an rprA-negative mutant, it was further demonstrated that RprA RNA is not essential for regulating expression of PCWDE under the conditions tested, whereas overexpression of rprA increased protease expression in wild-type cells. Stationary-phase sigma factor, RpoS, is the only known target gene for RprA RNA in Escherichia coli; however, in Pcc the effect of RprA RNA was found to be rpoS-independent. Overall, our results show that the Rcs phosphorelay negatively affects expression of PCWDE by inhibiting expression of flhDC and rsmB. INTRODUCTIONThe phytopathogenicity of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is largely due its capacity to synthesize and secrete plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE), including pectinases, cellulases and protease Marits et al., 1999; Mäe et al., 1995;Pirhonen et al., 1991). Survival of infecting Pcc largely depends on production of PCWDE for the transition from latent infection to disease state. A number of global and specific regulatory genes contribute to expression of PCWDE in Pcc (Burr et al., 2006;Chatterjee et al., 1995;Cui et al., 1995Cui et al., , 1999Cui et al., , 2001Cui et al., , 2005Eriksson et al., 1998;Flego et al., 2000;Harris et al., 1998; Hyytiäinen et al., 2003;Liu et al., 1998Liu et al., , 1999 Sjöblom et al., 2006). The posttranscriptional Rsm system plays a key role in regulating the expression of PCWDE Cui et al., 1995;Liu et al., 1998).The Rsm system consists of two regulators in Pcc: a small protein, RsmA, and RsmB RNA. RsmA is a post-transcriptional global regulator that is thought to bind mRNAs of PCWDE genes and affect their stability, whereas RsmB RNA binds multiple molecules of RsmA, thereby neutralizing its effect (Liu et al., 1998). Recently, the Rsm system was shown to be dependent on expression of a global regulator of flagellar genes, FlhDC. FlhDC activates the expression of PCWDE in Pcc strain 7...

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“…Tamayo et al (2010) found that pathogenic Vibrio cholera in both dispersed and intact biofilms vastly out-competed planktonic populations. Huang et al (2008) found that that Streptococcus mutans utilizes the general secretory pathway to secrete virulence factor proteins and the level of SecA, the key factor in the general secretory pathway, was influenced significantly by biofilm formation. PrfA is the critical virulence transcription factor that regulates the switch from extracellular, flagellum-propelled bacterium to intracellular pathogen in L. monocytogenes.…”

Section: Biofilm and Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The humanenteropathogenic species Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis and the highly virulent plague bacillus Y. pestis, represent ideal species to study how bacteria adapt from different environments and evolve to be highly virulent. The work of Hinchliffe et al (2008) found that several alleged virulence determinants of the Yersinia species, regulated by a phosphorelay, also regulated proteins involved in biofilm formation, motility, mammalian cell adhesion and stress survival. Escherichia coli are one of the first colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract of newborns and a normal component of the gastrointestinal flora of almost every human being.…”

Section: Biofilm and Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion and Survival of Salmonella in the Environment: The Role of Biofilms

Sheffield¹,

Crippen²

2012

Salmonella - A Diversified Superbug

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The importance of the Rcs phosphorelay in the survival and pathogenesis of the enteropathogenic yersiniae

Cited by 33 publications

References 56 publications

Genome Expression Analyses Revealing the Modulation of the Salmonella Rcs Regulon by the Attenuator IgaA

Genome Expression Analyses Revealing the Modulation of the Salmonella Rcs Regulon by the Attenuator IgaA

A role for the Rcs phosphorelay in regulating expression of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum

Invasion and Survival of Salmonella in the Environment: The Role of Biofilms

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