The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids

Simopoulos, Artemis P.

doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00253-6

Cited by 3,178 publications

(2,561 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Chilliard et al (2001) concluded that milk from cows fed either MS or GS does not tend to have a significantly different total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. But with the current interest in dietary n-6 : n-3 ratios, this area requires further investigation; Western diets tend to provide a higher ratio of n-6 : n-3 PUFA than is beneficial to long-term human health (Simopoulos, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of replacing grass silage with maize silage in the diet on bovine milk fatty acid composition

Kliem

Morgan

Humphries

et al. 2008

Animal

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Even though extensive research has examined the role of nutrition on milk fat composition, there is less information on the impact of forages on milk fatty acid (FA) composition. In the current study, the effect of replacing grass silage (GS) with maize silage (MS) as part of a total mixed ration on animal performance and milk FA composition was examined using eight multiparous mid-lactation cows in a replicated 4 3 4 Latin square with 28-day experimental periods. Four treatments comprised the stepwise replacement of GS with MS (0, 160, 334 and 500 g/kg dry matter (DM)) in diets containing a 54 : 46 forage : concentrate ratio on a DM basis. Replacing GS with MS increased (P , 0.001) the DM intake, milk yield and milk protein content. Incremental replacement of GS with MS in the diet enhanced linearly (P , 0.001) the proportions of 6:0-14:0, decreased (P , 0.01) the 16:0 concentrations, but had no effect on the total milk fat saturated fatty acid content. Inclusion of MS altered the distribution of trans-18:1 isomers and enhanced (P , 0.05) total trans monounsaturated fatty acid and total conjugated linoleic acid content. Milk total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content decreased with higher amounts of MS in the diet and n-6 PUFA concentration increased, leading to an elevated n-6 : n-3 PUFA ratio. Despite some beneficial changes associated with the replacement of GS with MS, the overall effects on milk FA composition would not be expected to substantially improve long-term human health. However, the role of forages on milk fat composition must also be balanced against the increases in total milk and protein yield on diets containing higher proportions of MS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of replacing grass silage with maize silage in the diet on bovine milk fatty acid composition

Kliem

Morgan

Humphries

et al. 2008

Animal

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“…Therefore, the estimation of PUFA intake in populations is a major goal in nutritional epidemiology. As the conversion of linoleic and a-linolenic acids into long-chain PUFA occurs in humans with only a low yield (Burdge, 2004), the intake of even small amounts of long-chain n-6 and n-3 PUFA can contribute significantly to the EFA status (Simopoulos, 2002). Therefore, the evaluation of the adequacy of EFA intakes in a population needs to estimate the intakes of both precursor fatty acids (linoleic and a-linolenic acids) and main long-chain PUFA of the n-6 and n-3 series, that is, arachidonic acid (n-6 series) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) (n-3 series).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as biomarkers of their dietary intakes: a cross-sectional study within a cohort of middle-aged French men and women

Astorg¹,

Bertrais

Laporte

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To measure the correlations between habitual intakes of individual n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their percentages in total plasma fatty acids in a population of adult men and women. Subjects/Methods: Two hundred and seventy-six men and 257 women aged 45-60 (men) or 35-60 (women) at baseline, volunteers of the French SU.VI.MAX cohort. Fifteen 24-h record questionnaires were used to estimate the habitual intake of energy, total fat and linoleic, a-linolenic acid, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), n-3 docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Fatty acid composition of fasting plasma total lipids has been determined at baseline. Results: Dietary intakes of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA were weakly but significantly correlated (0.16oro0.28, Po0.01) with their respective percentages in plasma total fatty acids in both men and women. No correlation was observed between the plasma levels of a-linolenic acid and its dietary intake, and between the plasma levels of arachidonic acid and longchain n-3 PUFA and the intakes of their 18-carbon precursors, linoleic and a-linolenic acid, respectively. Conclusions: The percentages of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA in plasma total fatty acids, but not that of alinolenic acid, are acceptable markers of their habitual levels of intake. The plasma levels of long-chain n-6 and n-3 PUFA are not influenced by the intake levels of their precursors, linoleic and a-linolenic acids.

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“…Because of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of fatty-acids (FA), milk has a low concentration of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), particularly omega-3 FA, which are thought to have beneficial effects on human health (Simopoulos, 2002). Milk can contain FA originating in ruminal PUFA BH, which can also affect human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other biohydrogenation intermediates in plasma and milk fat of cows fed raw or extruded linseed

Akraim

Nicot

Juanéda

et al. 2007

Animal

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Thirty lactating dairy cows were used in a 3 3 3 Latin-square design to investigate the effects of a raw or extruded blend of linseed and wheat bran (70:30) on plasma and milk fatty-acids (FA). Linseed diets, containing 16.6% linseed blend on a dry-matter basis, decreased milk yield and protein percentage. They decreased the proportions of FA with less than 18 carbons in plasma and milk and resulted in cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 18:3 proportions that were more than three and four times higher in plasma and milk, respectively, whereas cis-9, cis-12 18:2 proportions were decreased by 10-15%. The cis-9, trans-11, cis-15 18:3 isomer of conjugated linolenic acid was not detected in the milk of control cows, but was over 0.15% of total FA in the milk fat of linseed-supplemented cows. Similarly, linseed increased plasma and milk proportions of all biohydrogenation (BH) intermediates in plasma and milk, including the main isomer of conjugated linoleic acid cis-9, trans-11 18:2, except trans-4 18:1 and cis-11, trans-15 18:2 in plasma lipids. In milk fat, compared with raw linseed, extruded linseed further reduced 6:0-16:0 even-chain FA, did not significantly affect the proportions of 18:0, cis-9 18:1 and cis-9, cis-12 18:2, tended to increase cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 18:3, and resulted in an additional increase in the proportions of most BH intermediates. It was concluded that linseed addition can improve the proportion of conjugated linoleic and linolenic acids, and that extrusion further increases the proportions of intermediates of ruminal BH in milk fat.

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The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids

Cited by 3,178 publications

References 70 publications

Effect of replacing grass silage with maize silage in the diet on bovine milk fatty acid composition

Effect of replacing grass silage with maize silage in the diet on bovine milk fatty acid composition

Plasma n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as biomarkers of their dietary intakes: a cross-sectional study within a cohort of middle-aged French men and women

Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other biohydrogenation intermediates in plasma and milk fat of cows fed raw or extruded linseed

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