The Importance of Th2 Immune Responses in Mediating the Progression of Gastritis-Associated Metaplasia to Gastric Cancer

Privitera, Giuseppe; Williams, Joseph J.; De Salvo, Carlo

doi:10.3390/cancers16030522

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…A wide variety of cell types and cytokines are involved in the processes that lead to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis, and Th2 immune responses are among the main players in this process. Specifically, the process is mediated by the activity of cytokines, such as IL-33 and IL-13, and cell types, such as mast cells, M2 macrophages, and eosinophils, which promote diffuse and chronic gastritisdependent metaplasia [26].…”

Section: Immunological Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer: A 2024 Update

Burz,

Pop,

Silaghi

et al. 2024

Cancers

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Due to the high death rate associated with gastric cancer, a great deal of research has been conducted on this disease. The goal of this paper was to start a trimestral review of 2024 for the year that had just started. The scientific literature from 1 January 2024 was chosen with consideration of the the guidelines of the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO), which are updated with new findings but not systematically reviewed annually. We used the search term “gastric cancer” to find the most current publications in the PubMed database related to the prognosis and treatment of gastric cancer. As previously said, the only articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria were those from 2024. Articles with case reports were eliminated since they had nothing to do with our research. The treatment of gastric cancer is the focus of the majority of articles from 2024. The primary research axes include surgery and immunonutrition, immunotherapy and Helicobacter pylori, and therapeutic targets. Patients with GC may experience less psychological, social, and financial hardship if the recently identified markers discovered in circulation are better assessed and validated. This could be achieved by either including the markers in an artificial intelligence-based diagnostic score or by using them in conjunction with traditional diagnostic methods. Due to the rising death rate associated with GC, funding for research into diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and therapeutic targets is essential.

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Section: Immunological Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer: A 2024 Update

Burz,

Pop,

Silaghi

et al. 2024

Cancers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Treg cells also inhibit the protective immune responses allowing H. pylori to avoid the immune system and establish long-lasting inflammation that supports tumorigenesis [139]. Furthermore, a predominant Th2-related response was detected in patients with H. pylori-related intestinal metaplasia and GC indicating Th2 cytokines can contribute to the development of H. pylori-related malignancies [140][141][142][143].…”

Section: Socs Molecules May Affect Th2/treg-related Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay Between Helicobacter pylori and Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Molecules in the Development of Gastric Cancer and Induction of Immune Response

Jafarzadeh,

Nemati

et al. 2024

Helicobacter

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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonizes the stomach and leads to the secretion of a vast range of cytokines by infiltrated leukocytes directing immune/inflammatory response against the bacterium. To regulate immune/inflammatory responses, suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins bind to multiple signaling components located downstream of cytokine receptors, such as Janus kinase (JAK), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT). Dysfunctional SOCS proteins in immune cells may facilitate the immune evasion of H. pylori, allowing the bacteria to induce chronic inflammation. Dysregulation of SOCS expression and function can contribute to the sustained H. pylori‐mediated gastric inflammation which can lead to gastric cancer (GC) development. Among SOCS molecules, dysregulated expression of SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, and SOCS6 were indicated in H. pylori‐infected individuals as well as in GC tissues and cells. H. pylori‐induced SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, and SOCS6 dysregulation can contribute to the GC development. The expression of SOCS molecules can be influenced by various factors, such as epigenetic DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and gene polymorphisms. Modulation of the expression of SOCS molecules in gastric epithelial cells and immune cells can be considered to control gastric carcinogenesis as well as regulate antitumor immune responses, respectively. This review aimed to explain the interplay between H. pylori and SOCS molecules in GC development and immune response induction as well as to provide insights regarding potential therapeutic strategies modulating SOCS molecules.

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Considerations on the evolutionary biology and functions of eosinophils: what the “haeckel”?

Ackerman,

Stacy

2024

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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The origins and evolution of the eosinophilic leukocyte has received only scattered attention since Paul Ehrlich first named this granulocyte. Studies suggest that myeloperoxidase, expressed by granulocytes, and eosinophil peroxidase diverged some 60-70 million years ago, but invertebrate to vertebrate evolution of the eosinophil lineage is unknown. Vertebrate eosinophils have been characterized extensively in representative species at light microscopic, ultrastructural, genetic, and biochemical levels. Understanding of eosinophil function continues to expand and includes to date regulation of “Local Immunity And/Or Remodeling/Repair” (the so-called LIAR hypothesis), modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, maintenance of tissue and metabolic homeostasis, and under pathologic conditions, inducers of tissue damage, repair, remodeling, and fibrosis. This contrasts with their classically considered primary roles in host defense against parasites and other pathogens, and involvement in T-helper 2 inflammatory and immune responses. The eosinophils’ early appearance during evolution and continued retention within the innate immune system across taxa illustrate their importance during evolutionary biology. However, successful pregnancies in eosinophil-depleted humans/primates treated with biologics, host immune responses to parasites in eosinophil-deficient mice, and the absence of significant developmental or functional abnormalities in eosinophil-deficient mouse strains under laboratory conditions, raise questions of the continuing selective advantages of the eosinophil lineage in mammals and humans. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview on evolutionary origins of eosinophils across the animal kingdom, discuss some of their main functions in the context of potential evolutionary relevance, and highlight the need for further research on eosinophil functions and functional evolution.

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The Importance of Th2 Immune Responses in Mediating the Progression of Gastritis-Associated Metaplasia to Gastric Cancer

Cited by 4 publications

References 134 publications

Prognosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer: A 2024 Update

Prognosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer: A 2024 Update

The Interplay Between Helicobacter pylori and Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Molecules in the Development of Gastric Cancer and Induction of Immune Response

Considerations on the evolutionary biology and functions of eosinophils: what the “haeckel”?

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