The Importance of Ships and Spare Parts in LCAs of Offshore Wind Power

Arvesen, Anders; Birkeland, Christine; Hertwich, Edgar G.

doi:10.1021/es304509r

Cited by 51 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…All first-order inputs from the IO system come from the Europe region, but activity is instigated in rest-of-world as well because of interregional trade. We use the same procedure to establish inputs from the IO system as in previous work (Arvesen et al 2013;, utilizing cost information about components and activities to scale IO inputs and then zeroing individual IO entries that include flows already covered in the process-based inventory. We use numbers for direct energy use in manufacturing derived in from an industry report (ABB 2008).…”

Section: Hybrid Lcamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We use numbers for direct energy use in manufacturing derived in from an industry report (ABB 2008). Finally, we obtain marine vessel fuel oil consumption values for tie-in of cables, cable laying with plough, inspection during operation and end-of-life removal from Arvesen et al (2013), and scale to take into account greater travel distances.…”

Section: Hybrid Lcamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a similar manner as for the array cables, we establish the material composition of the export cable (Birkeland 2011) and take into consideration manufacturing (ABB 2008; and cable laying, inspection and removal (Arvesen et al 2013). A total of 39800 km (28600 km) HVDC cabling is needed in GDv05 (ITD20).…”

Section: Export Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jones and McManus (2010) present an assessment of underground and overhead lines used in distribution networks. In addition to dedicated LCAs of T&D, main electrical equipment needed to transfer electricity generated by offshore wind turbines to shore are part of the systems studied in LCAs of offshore wind power (e.g., (Wagner et al 2011;Arvesen et al 2013)). In such studies, electrical connections comprise array cables, offshore substation and export cables running from the substation to an existing grid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life cycle assessment of an offshore grid interconnecting wind farms and customers across the North Sea

Arvesen

Nes

Huertas‐Hernando

et al. 2014

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Life cycle assessment of an offshore grid interconnecting wind farms and customers across the North Sea. The International Journal of Life AbstractPurpose This study aims to contribute to an improved understanding of the environmental implications of offshore power grid and wind power development pathways. To achieve this aim we present two assessments.First, we investigate the impacts of a North Sea power grid enabling enhanced trade and integration of offshore wind power. Second, we assess the benefit of North Sea grid and wind power through a comparison of scenarios for power generation in affected countries.Methods The grid scenario explored in the first assessment is the most ambitious scenario of the Windspeed project, and is the result of cost minimization analysis using a transmission expansion planning model. We develop a hybrid life cycle inventory for array cables, HVDC links and substations. The functional unit is 1 kWh of electricity transmitted. The second assessment compares two different energy scenarios of Windspeed for the North Sea and surrounding countries. Here we utilize life cycle inventory for offshore grid components together with inventory for a catalog of power generation technologies from Ecoinvent, and couple these inventories with grid configurations and electricity mixes determined by the optimization procedure in Windspeed.Results and discussion Developing, operating and dismantling the grid cause emissions of 2.5 g CO 2 -Eq per kWh electricity transmission, or 36 Mt CO 2 -Eq in total. HVDC cables are the major cause of environmental damage, causing for example half of total climate change effects. The next most important contributors are substations and array cabling used in offshore wind parks. Toxicity and eutrophication effects stem largely from leakages from disposed copper and iron mine tailings and overburden. Results from the comparison of two scenarios demonstrate a substantial environmental benefit from North Sea grid extension and the associated wind power development compared to an alternative generation of electricity from fossil fuels. Offshore grid and wind power, however, entail an increased use of metals and hence a higher metal depletion indicator. ConclusionsWe present the first life cycle assessment of a large offshore power grid, using results of an energy planning model as input. HVDC links are the major cause of environmental damage. There are differences across impact categories with respect to which components or types of activities that are responsible for damage.North Sea grid and wind power are environmentally beneficial by an array of criteria if displacing fossil fuels, but cause substantial metal use.3

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Section: Hybrid Lcamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hybrid Lcamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Export Cablementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life cycle assessment of an offshore grid interconnecting wind farms and customers across the North Sea

Arvesen

Nes

Huertas‐Hernando

et al. 2014

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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“…Besides, for OWFs, there are a number of factors that are to be considered for efficient maintenance planning that are particularly unique to this area. Resource planning entails location of the maintenance crew, work shifts, and number of maintenance teams as well as planning of transport vessels and helicopters and availability of spares [44][45][46][47]. Weather window forecasting is another important factor for determining maintenance schedules [48].…”

Section: Maintenance Resource and Inventory Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards farm-level health management of offshore wind farms for maintenance improvements

Kandukuri

Robbersmyr

Karimi

2015

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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This paper studies a conceptual architecture for health management of offshore wind farms. To this aim, various necessary enablers of a health management system are presented to improve reliability and availability while optimizing maintenance costs. The main focus lies on improving existing condition monitoring systems based on concepts of condition-based maintenance and reliability centered maintenance. A brief review of the relevant state-of-the-art is presented and gaps to be filled towards realization of such health management system are discussed.

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Life Cycle Assessment of Wind Power Generation System

Yang

Chen

2015

Handbook of Clean Energy Systems

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Wind power is experiencing an unprecedented development in China. It is regarded a clean energy alternative as no emissions are generated in electricity production process. However, the material‐intensive production of wind turbines is associated with environmental releases. Therefore, assessing the environmental impacts of wind power generation systems involves not only power production process but also all related processes. Life cycle assessment ( LCA ) considering all environmental emissions in the whole lifetime of the wind power generation system is proven a powerful tool to estimate the real environmental costs of wind power and can provide information for companies, local resident, and government officials about the environmental implications of wind power generation technology. A case of typical wind power generation system was shown to demonstrate the procedures of LCA . However, LCA in wind power generation systems in the current stage still has some issues to be solved, represented as time‐varying factors, vague definition of system boundary and standardization, and so on. In addition to improving life cycle analysis to make the assessment more precise and feasible, the scope of wind power generation should be extended to life cycle sustainability evaluation so as to give an overview of the wind power generation system and shed lights on development pathway design.

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The Importance of Ships and Spare Parts in LCAs of Offshore Wind Power

Cited by 51 publications

References 33 publications

Life cycle assessment of an offshore grid interconnecting wind farms and customers across the North Sea

Life cycle assessment of an offshore grid interconnecting wind farms and customers across the North Sea

Towards farm-level health management of offshore wind farms for maintenance improvements

Life Cycle Assessment of Wind Power Generation System

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