The importance of restoration areas to conserve bird species in a highly fragmented Atlantic forest landscape

Santos, Paulo; Marques, Fernanda Cristina; Lima, Marcos Robalinho; Anjos, Luiz dos

doi:10.1016/j.ncon.2016.03.001

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…These species occur exclusively or preferentially in the forest interior, suggesting that their performance is directly related to tree size and density [4]. However, studies evaluating the responses of bird assemblages to forest restoration generally compare areas in restored vs remnant reference forests [28,29], classify areas in age classes [26,30], or use time since restoration as a continuous predictor variable [31,32]. Although these studies recognize the importance of vegetation structure on bird assemblages, few studies explicitly used the development of forest structure as a predictor variable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As forests develop, functional group composition may change, with increasing abundances of forest-dependent and cavity-nesting species [23,33,34]. For example, Santos-Júnior et al [28] found that the composition of bird functional groups in restored sites (<10 years) was similar to that of nearby small forest reference remnants but differed from that of a large forest reference site, likely due to greater environmental complexity and differential resource availability. Cosset and Edwards [29] found that the restoration of logged tropical forests had negative effects on both phylogenetic and functional diversity of birds due to the reduction of environmental complexity resulting from vegetation management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bird Functional Traits Respond to Forest Structure in Riparian Areas Undergoing Active Restoration

2018

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Abstract:Monitoring wildlife responses is essential to assess restoration projects. Birds are widely used as bioindicators of ecosystem restoration, but most studies use only taxonomic descriptors to compare categories of reference and restoring sites. Here, we used forest structure as a continuous predictor variable to evaluate avifaunal taxonomic and functional indicators in riparian forest reference and restoration sites on southeastern Brazil. Reference sites were riparian forest remnants, and restoration sites were pasture before seedling reintroduction. Forest structure variables (mean tree height, canopy depth, mean diameter at breast height, basal area, tree layering, tree density, and grass cover) were reduced into two axes using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Forest Axis 1 (tree biomass vs. grass cover) and Forest Axis 2 (canopy depth vs. tree density). Bird species were classified in relation to five functional categories (i.e., diet, foraging stratum, nest height, cavity dependence for nesting, and forest dependence). Forest Axis 1 influenced the functional diversity of bird assemblages and the relative abundance within levels of each functional category (except for nest height). The relative abundance of all functional categories combined was also affected by Forest Axis 2. Therefore, forest structure affected the predominant functional traits of bird species in riparian sites under restoration. Sites with higher tree biomass were the richest, with canopy birds that were insectivores and frugivores of high forest dependence, whereas more open sites were associated with birds of low forest dependence and ground-foraging insectivores. Forest structures of similar-aged sites were strongly variable, due to natural and anthropic disturbances, so restoration age was a poor indicator of forest development. These unpredictable disturbances can change the development of sites under restoration, so that forest structure can be a better descriptor of the trajectory of these ecosystems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bird Functional Traits Respond to Forest Structure in Riparian Areas Undergoing Active Restoration

2018

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“…Six areas are within the Atlantic Rainforest, one in the Cerrado, and one in the Amazon Rainforest. From these studies, three (Becker et al 2013;da Silva et al 2015;Santos-Junior et al 2016) sampled bird species within three distinct restoration sites, while the remaining studies (Parrotta et al 1997;Rosa et al 2013;Vogel et al 2015Vogel et al , 2016Ferreira and Melo 2016) sampled bird species within only one restoration site. These eight studies consist of 14 restoration sample sites where two studies (Parrotta et al 1997;Rosa et al 2013) used only one specific guild (i.e., insectivores and frugivores, respectively), and the remaining six studies analyzed the whole bird assemblage.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, studies provided little detail on vegetation structure, making it difficult to associate changes in bird assemblages to habitat differences between restoration sites. For example, information on the composition of plant species was present in only 50% (n = 4) of the studies, while information on landscape variables were only present in one of the studies (Santos-Junior et al 2016), which reported on variables such Mean values of the ecological traits used to cluster species into the K = 15 functional groups. The name of the functional groups is the combination of the three label columns and is indicated in the Functional label column.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecosystem functions of birds as a tool to track restoration efficiency in Brazil

et al. 2020

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Restoration practices are designed to reverse the negative effects of human activities on the environment, allowing the recovery of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, restoration activities require monitoring the recolonization of faunal assemblages to assess whether ecosystem functions and services performed by them have been recovered. Because of the presumed link between species traits and ecosystem functioning, a potential solution to evaluate restoration efficiency is the grouping of species based on their ecological functions. Here, we review studies on bird assemblages of active restoration sites in Brazil and apply a data-driven approach to group bird species into functional groups using species trait information. We reviewed if studies provided detailed information (e.g., data on species composition and abundance) for comparative analyses and evaluated how restoration time (i.e., how long-ago restoration started) affected the similarity in bird species composition considering three restoration age classes: recent, intermediate, and old. We also tested whether the composition of bird functional groups varies in restoration sites of different age classes. Although we found a small number of studies (n = 8) with birds in restoration areas, we compiled a dataset consisting of 232 bird species from 14 different restoration sites. We found that bird assemblages from recent restoration sites (up to 5 years) were dissimilar to bird assemblages from older restoration sites (over 20 years). Also, older restoration sites had a higher occurrence of more specialist functional groups (e.g., small frugivores birds of superior stratum). Despite the small number of studies, our results reinforce the sensitivity of birds to habitat changes and their potential in indicating restoration efficiency. We argue for the necessity of standardized protocols in the collection and reporting of data on restoration activities, which will improve comparative analysis in theoretical and applied restoration ecology.

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“…In Brazil, the "Atlantic Forest Law" restricts the use of natural remnants of this biome and has a key role in restoring degraded areas (Calmon et al, 2011). Native forest fragments located close to restored areas prove to be important due to their potential to reduce edge effects and provide additional habitats, reducing the chances of future extinction (Santos-Junior, Marques, Lima & Anjos, 2016). Moreover, these areas provide propagules of colonizing plants, and animals capable of occupying reforested environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bird assembly in restinga reforested areas

et al. 2020

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Fragmentation is one of environmental degradation and reduction of biodiversity causes, including in bird communities, mainly in Atlantic Forest areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in richness and functional groups structure in the ornitofauna from a Restinga forest fragment and four areas with different ages of reforestation. We selected five forest fragments in a Restinga area in the state of Paraiba. A native fragment (Control Area-AC) and four fragments that have undergone a mining process and present different ages of reforestation (1989, 1997, 2001 and 2003). The avifauna samples occurred in four expeditions between November 2006 and April 2008 and counted with a total effort of 2700 net.m2 per expedition. Statistical tests verified richness differences between studied areas, as well as the composition of their functional groups. In general, 90 bird species were recorded, and the highest reforestation age area presented the highest richness (n = 51 spp.). The species richness comparisons indicated that the difference in the richness between AC and reforested areas is not statistically significant. The similarity analysis indicates that reforested areas share a large amount of species and AC has a great differentiation in composition. This differentiation is explained by the significant presence of frugivorous, nectarivorous, leaf and understory-insectivorous species. Changes in species richness and composition in degraded areas are expected and reforested areas usually have a smaller number of forest-dependent species due to the deficiency of available resources. The recovery of areas by reforestation are important conservation strategies, however there is need for management measures that promote the enrichment of these areas and the availability of resources for species dependent on environments Forest.

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The importance of restoration areas to conserve bird species in a highly fragmented Atlantic forest landscape

Cited by 20 publications

References 31 publications

Bird Functional Traits Respond to Forest Structure in Riparian Areas Undergoing Active Restoration

Bird Functional Traits Respond to Forest Structure in Riparian Areas Undergoing Active Restoration

Ecosystem functions of birds as a tool to track restoration efficiency in Brazil

Bird assembly in restinga reforested areas

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