The importance of reflection and evaluation processes in daily training sessions for progression toward elite level swimming performance

Post, Aylin K.; Koning, Ruud H.; Visscher, Chris; Elferink‐Gemser, Marije T.

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102219

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…SRL indicates the extend to which individuals are metacognitively, motivationally and behaviorally proactive in their own learning processes ( Zimmerman, 1986 ; 2006 ). Previous research on SRL in swimming showed that youth swimmers on track to the elite level are characterized by more frequent use of reflection processes during training and evaluation processes after training, which suggest that they learn and train in a more efficient and effective manner ( Post et al, 2022 ). Ultimately, this could contribute to a higher quality of daily training, which may result in greater improvements during a season and higher performance levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking performance and its underlying characteristics in talented swimmers: a longitudinal study during the junior-to-senior transition

et al. 2023

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The present study strived to gain a more profound understanding of the distinctions in development between swimmers who are considered to be on track to the senior elite level compared to those who are not. Longitudinal data of 29 talented sprint and middle-distance swimmers (12 males; 17 females) on season best performances (season best times) and underlying performance characteristics (anthropometrics, starts, turns, maximal swimming velocity, stroke index [SI, an indirect measure of swimming efficiency] and lower body power) were collected over four swimming seasons (median of n = 3 seasons per swimmer). Based on their season best performance at early senior age (males aged 18–19; females aged 17–18), some swimmers were considered to be on track to reach the elite level (referred to as high-performing seniors; 6 males and 10 females), whereas others were not (referred to as lower-performing seniors; 6 males and 7 females). Retrospectively studying these swimmers (males and females separately), we found that all high-performing seniors were already on track to the elite level at late junior age (males aged 17; females aged 16), evidenced with faster season best performances throughout their transition compared to their lower-performing peers (p < 0.05). Independent sample t-tests revealed that high-performing seniors significantly outscored their lower-performing peers on maximal swimming velocity (males and females), starts and turns (males), SI (females) and lower body power (females) at late junior age (p < 0.05). Additionally, multilevel models showed faster rates of development for high-performing seniors on turns and maximal swimming velocity (males), and SI (females) compared to lower-performing peers during the junior-to-senior transition (p < 0.05). Particularly, the higher initial levels of swim performance and underlying characteristics at late junior age as well as the ability to keep progressing on season best performances (males and females), turns and maximal swimming velocity (males), and SI (females) during the junior-to-senior transition, may be crucial factors in the attainment of swimming expertise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking performance and its underlying characteristics in talented swimmers: a longitudinal study during the junior-to-senior transition

et al. 2023

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“…By having them self-assess their tactical skills, they are stimulated to share and take responsibility for their own developmental process. Various studies among talented athletes have shown the value of well-developed self-regulatory skills, such as reflection, for performance and performance development ( 38 – 40 ). It is essential to realize that due to the characteristics of the TSQT, being a self-report measure, it is not suitable for selection purposes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-assessed tactical skills in tennis players: Psychometric evaluation of the Tactical Skills Questionnaire in Tennis

Kolman

Huijgen²,

Heuvelen³

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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To our knowledge, no feasible, valid and reliable instrument exists to examine tactical skills over the course of multiple training and game situations in tennis yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Tactical Skills Questionnaire in Tennis (TSQT). The TSQT is a new instrument with closed-ended questions designed to examine tactical skills in tennis players. Participants were 233 competitive tennis players (age: 17.06 ± 4.74 years) competing on national or regional levels. With a principal component analysis (PCA) we identified four theoretically meaningful subscales for the 31-item TSQT: “Anticipation and positioning,” “Game intelligence and adaptability,” “Decision-making,” and “Recognizing game situations” and confirmed them with a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (χ2 = 527.02, df = 426, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.045, SRMR = 0.079). Internal consistency was good, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 for the entire scale and McDonald's omega ranging from 0.69 to 0.78 for the separate subscales. A subsample of 57 players completed the TSQT twice to assess test-retest reliability. Absolute test-retest reliability of the subscales was good with no significant differences in mean scores between test and retest (p > 0.05). Relative test-retest reliability was moderate with ICC values ranging from 0.65 to 0.71. National players outperformed regional players on the subscales “Game intelligence and adaptability,” “Decision-making,” and “Recognizing game situations” (p < 0.05), and there was a trend toward significance for “Anticipation and positioning” (p = 0.07). This study supported the psychometric properties of the TSQT. Evaluating tactical skills with the TSQT provides players, coaches and other professionals with insight in players' self-assessed tactical skills over the course of multiple training and game situations. It creates the opportunity for players to reflect on their skills and detect personal development areas with their coach. We advise to use this information as input for tailor-made training programs.

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“…When the athlete decides to continue engaging, the goals are set based on the experience gathered during and after competition, restarting the cycle with the forethought phase. Thus, it is not surprising that high scores on self-reflection are associated with a higher level of performance, as elite athletes are more aware of their strengths and weaknesses in performance settings [ 26 , 27 ]. On the basis of all the above, and with a purpose to provide pacing-related guidelines to the coaches, this study will try to explore the impact of opponents within these three phases.…”

Section: The Integration Of Pacing and Sports Performance Within The ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Social Environment in Pacing and Sports Performance: A Narrative Review from a Self-Regulatory Perspective

Sakalidis

Menting

Elferink‐Gemser

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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As proposed by Triplett in 1898 and evidenced by a recent series of lab and field studies, racing against other competitors consistently results in increased performance compared to when racing alone. To explain this phenomenon, we will explore the process of self-regulation, a process relevant to pacing, which is linked to athletes’ emotions and facilitates their sports performance optimization. We will apply the cyclical model of Self-regulation of Learning to pacing and sports performance settings and explore the role of the social environment (in particular, opponents but also coaches) in each phase of the self-regulatory model. It seems that the social environment could be considered as a significant self-regulatory and sports performance facilitator. More specifically, athletes can focus on their social environment (opponents) when they have to set goals and select appropriate strategies to achieve them (forethought phase), monitor and manage their actions and their emotions (performance phase), and make self-judgements and choose self-reactions (self-reflection). Moreover, the social environment (coaches) can observe, step in, and facilitate these intricate processes. These findings could guide athletes and their coaches towards more effective pacing acquisition and development, and better sports performance, which could be of particular relevance for youth athletes or athletes with disabilities impacting on their self-regulatory skills.

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The importance of reflection and evaluation processes in daily training sessions for progression toward elite level swimming performance

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Tracking performance and its underlying characteristics in talented swimmers: a longitudinal study during the junior-to-senior transition

Tracking performance and its underlying characteristics in talented swimmers: a longitudinal study during the junior-to-senior transition

Self-assessed tactical skills in tennis players: Psychometric evaluation of the Tactical Skills Questionnaire in Tennis

The Role of the Social Environment in Pacing and Sports Performance: A Narrative Review from a Self-Regulatory Perspective

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