The importance of protein in leaf selection of folivorous primates

Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Nelson, Summer J. Arrigo; Carrai, Valentina; Chalise, Mukesh Kumar; Donati, Giuseppe; Droescher, Iris; Eppley, Timothy M.; Irwin, Mitchell T.; Koch, Flávia; Koenig, Andreas; Kowalewski, Miguel Martin; Mowry, Christopher B.; Patel, Erik R.; Pichon, Claire; Ralison, José; Reisdorff, Christoph; Simmen, Bruno; Stalenberg, Eleanor; Starrs, Danswell; Terboven, Juana; Wright, Patricia C.; Foley, William J.

doi:10.1002/ajp.22550

Cited by 52 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…, Ganzhorn et al. ). For example, if studies are limited to measures of crude or total energy, it is possible to overlook the different roles that the different energy‐providing constituents may have, as well as potentially conflicting interactions with other nutritional constituents.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids

Felton

Wam

Stolter³

et al. 2018

Ecosphere

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Abstract. The research literature on food selection by large herbivores is extensive. Still, we are generally lacking in our knowledge of the influence of potentially interacting chemical contents of the food. We made a qualitative review of a systematic literature search of studies that empirically link chemical contents of food to the food selection by northern cervids (genera Alces, Capreolus, Cervus, Dama, Odocoileus, Rangifer). We found that although the majority of the 98 relevant studies measuring any given food constituent (energy, protein, fiber, minerals, plant secondary metabolites) provided support for it acting as a driver of food selection (in either a negative or positive way), there was little support for the traditional hypotheses of maximization or limitation of any single constituent. Rather, because of the animals' need to acquire an appropriate intake of several constituents at the same time, our review highlights how new empirical studies need to focus on several food constituents in synchrony: (1) Study designs should capture sufficient variation in the content of food constituents in order to tease apart their many co-variations; and (2) insights about nutritional drivers may be lost if one uses only composite currencies such as crude energy, crude fiber, ash, or tannins, which may mask contrasting selection patterns of the lumped constituents. Season had an apparent influence on the selection of some food constituents, particularly various fiber fractions. In contrast, our review revealed a lack of evidence that cervids more strongly select for protein in summer than they do in winter. Our overall conclusion of the review is that interacting chemical contents of food make the nutritional value of a given food type into a varying entity. To better elucidate this variation, we need new technologies that non-invasively capture nutrient intake of free-ranging animals, across seasons.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids

Felton

Wam

Stolter³

et al. 2018

Ecosphere

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“…The two artiodactyl species-cattle (herbivorous foregut fermenters) and bush pigs (omnivores with simple gut morphology)-harbored the most diverse microbiota (Kruskal-Wallis, FDR-adjusted P < 0.001; Fig. S3), whereas the three lemur species, two of which are hindgut fermenters [61,62], exhibited moderate microbial diversity (Fig. S3).…”

Section: Microbiome Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestriality and bacterial transfer: a comparative study of gut microbiomes in sympatric Malagasy mammals

2018

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The gut microbiomes of mammals appear to mirror their hosts' phylogeny, suggesting host-driven microbial community assembly. Yet, much of this evidence stems from comparative studies of distinct wild or captive populations that lack data for disentangling the relative influences of shared phylogeny and environment. Here, we present phylogenetic and multivariate analyses of gut microbiomes from six sympatric (i.e., co-occurring) mammal species inhabiting a 1-km 2 area in western Madagascar-three lemur and three non-primate species-that consider genetic, dietary, and ecological predictors of microbiome functionality and composition. Host evolutionary history, indeed, appears to shape gut microbial patterns among both closely and distantly related species. However, we also find that diet-reliance on leaves versus fruit-is the best predictor of microbiome similarity among closely related lemur species, and that host substrate use-ground versus tree -constrains horizontal transmission via incidental contact with feces, with arboreal species harboring far more distinct communities than those of their terrestrial and semi-terrestrial counterparts.

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“…Similarly, we also found that ADF and ADL of food items consumed by captive R. strykeri did not differ significantly from nonconsumed food items. Taken together, these data suggest that the protein concentration of foliage rather than the fiber concentration may be a nutritional priority for R. strykeri , and that protein and fiber selection for many primate species may represent two separate goals or processes (Ganzhorn et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cafeteria‐style feeding trials provide new insights into the diet and nutritional strategies of the black snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri): Implications for conservation

Yang

Garber

et al. 2020

American J Primatol

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Anthropogenic changes and fragmentation of natural habitats often exert a negative effect on resource availability and distribution, and the nutritional ecology and feeding behavior of nonhuman primates. The goals of this study are to examine food choice and to identify the nutritional profile of foods consumed by the Critically Endangered black snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri). To accomplish our study goals, we presented cafeteria‐style feeding trials of fresh food items collected in the home range of wild black snub‐nosed monkeys to the only two captive R. strykeri, and compared the nutritional profiles of the leafy foods (buds, young, and mature leaves, 100 items from 70 plant species) selected with those avoided (54 items from 48 plant species). Overall, the results indicate that captive R. strykeri selected foods that were higher in moisture (Mo; 77.7%), crude protein (CP; 21.2%), total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC; 34.9%), and phosphorus (P; 0.37%) while tending to avoid foods with a neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of greater than 46.8%. Leaves collected in autumn and selected by the monkeys were characterized by a slightly higher amount of metabolizable energy (ME) than those rejected (1,350 kJ/100 g vs. 1,268 kJ/100 g). In contrast, the protein content of foods collected and consumed during the spring was greater (22.9%) than in autumn (16.4%). Random Forests modeling, an ensemble learning method, indicated that the proportion of Mo, NDF, ME, CP, P, and TNC were among the most important factors in predicting which items were consumed by the captive R. strykeri during spring and autumn. On the basis of the nutritional profile of foods consumed across the two seasons, we identified 18 nutrient‐rich native plant species that we recommend for use in ex‐ and in‐situ conservation management and reforestation programs to provide long‐term access to a nutritionally adequate diet.

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The importance of protein in leaf selection of folivorous primates

Cited by 52 publications

References 98 publications

The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids

The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids

Terrestriality and bacterial transfer: a comparative study of gut microbiomes in sympatric Malagasy mammals

Cafeteria‐style feeding trials provide new insights into the diet and nutritional strategies of the black snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri): Implications for conservation

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