The importance of marshes providing soil stabilization to resist fast‐flow erosion in case of a dike breach

Marin‐Diaz, Beatriz; Govers, Laura L.; Wal, Daphne van der; Olff, Han; Bouma, Tjeerd J.

doi:10.1002/eap.2622

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Studies of tidal marsh erosion at high flow velocities ( > 0.5 m s −1 ) are relatively new and therefore data is scarce. At the time of writing, the authors know of three other studies where a tidal marsh was exposed to high flow velocities (Marin-Diaz et al, 2022;Schoutens et al, 2022;Stoorvogel et al, 2024). The same tidal marsh we tested was exposed by Schoutens et al (2022) in a laboratory flume (mesodrome) to six 2-h runs.…”

Section: Interpretation Of Erosion Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Erosion of both the restored and natural tidal marsh was measured to be of the order of centimetres, again a similar magnitude as in our study. Marin-Diaz et al (2022) measured up to 2 cm of erosion after 3 h of exposure to flow velocities of 2.3 m −1 for different silty tidal marshes. Based on the combined outcome of Marin-Diaz et al (2022), Schoutens et al (2022), Stoorvogel et al (2024) and our study, we argue that vegetated tidal marshes are very stable, at least for the type of marshes considered in these studies.…”

Section: Interpretation Of Erosion Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of in-situ tidal marsh erodibility under high flow velocities

van den Berg,

Rikkert,

Aarninkhof

et al. 2024

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Coastal flood risk is expected to increase due to climate change and population growth. Much of our coastlines is protected by “grey” infrastructure such as a dike. Dike maintenance and strengthening requires ever increasing capital and space, putting their economic viability in question. To combat this trend, more sustainable alternatives are explored, also known as Nature based Solutions. A promising option has shown to be tidal marshes. Tidal marshes are coastal wetlands with high ecological and economic value. Also, they protect dikes through wave attenuation and in case of a dike breach reduce its development. However, the effectiveness of a tidal marsh on reducing dike breach development rates highly depends on the stability of the tidal marsh itself. Not much is known about the stability of a tidal marsh under dike breach conditions, which are accompanied with flow velocities that can reach 4–5 m s−1. In this study we tested the vegetation response and erodibility of a mature tidal marsh, in-situ, under high flow velocities (>0.5 m s−1). Our results confirm that tidal marshes similar to the one tested in this study are highly erosion resistant with low erodibility. More research is necessary to confirm this for tidal marshes with different soil and vegetation properties. For tidal marshes similar to what is tested thus far, erosion under dike breach conditions is negligible and other erosion mechanisms such as headcut erosion probably dominate the erosion process.

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Section: Interpretation Of Erosion Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interpretation Of Erosion Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of in-situ tidal marsh erodibility under high flow velocities

van den Berg,

Rikkert,

Aarninkhof

et al. 2024

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…Salt marshes provide carbon sequestration, wave attenuation, reduction of current velocities and bed shear stresses, sediment trapping, and stabilization and are an essential habitat for endangered species (Shepard et al 2011; Townend et al 2011; Barbier 2019). Integrating salt marshes into state‐based coastal protection plans could offer additional protection functions as they can adapt and change with climatic changes (Sutton‐Grier et al 2015; Bouma et al 2016; Cao et al 2021; Marin‐Diaz et al 2022; Morris et al 2022; Steinigeweg et al 2023; Temmerman et al 2023).…”

Section: Reference Country Species Month Plant Part/location Vegetati...mentioning

confidence: 99%

From seasonal field study to surrogate modeling: Investigating the biomechanical dynamics of Elymus sp. in salt marshes

Keimer,

Kind,

Prüter

et al. 2024

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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Salt marshes have been studied in the context of ecosystem services they can provide for coastal protection. In this study, monthly field campaigns focusing on Elymus spp. and its biomechanical properties were conducted from December 2021 to December 2022 on the German Barrier Island Spiekeroog. A total of 1390 specimens were investigated to determine their growth length, out of which 418 specimens were investigated mechanically with three‐point bending tests to determine their biomechanical properties. To evaluate the interaction of hydraulic loads and vegetation, the challenge of modeling biomechanical plant properties to scale is addressed by using resin 3D printing with flexible material, while focusing on the materials mechanical properties. Based on the field data acquired and additional literature (adding up to 1959 measurements), a cylindrical plant model with an outer diameter of (scale 1 : 1) was developed. It was manufactured mixing two resin components with varying volume ratios resulting in surrogates with different flexural stiffnesses. The surrogates were characterized using three‐point bending tests and image analysis of their bending behavior when subjected to currents between 0.4 and 1.2 m/s. With the average Young's modulus ranging from 8.45 to 1708.42 MPa, the bending angle varies from 0° to 77.4° displaying the influence of material stiffness and flow velocity. Applying the Cauchy scaling law, this study shows that resin 3D printing can be used to model Elymus sp. with respect to its biomechanical properties allowing for seasonally independent physical laboratory experiments with plant models.

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“…van Dobben et al, 2022). Highest inundation frequencies occur low in the tidal frame at low marshes and pioneer zones, where higher erosion rates can be expected due to lower root biomass reducing the annual elevation change (Ford et al, 2016;Bass et al, 2022;Marin-Diaz et al, 2022).…”

Section: Variables Explaining Marsh Elevation Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompacting livestock accelerate drowning of tidal salt marshes with sea level rise

2023

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A global concern for coastal ecosystems is the predicted rise in sea-level for which salt marshes must keep pace by increasing in surface elevation sufficiently. Variables that control this elevation change need to be identified to predict the adaptability of marshes to future sea-level rise. Many European marshes are grazed by livestock and these heavy grazers can biocompact the soil, a process often underestimated in studies assessing the long-term survival of marshes. We measured elevation changes for thirteen years in the field in grazed and non-grazed marshes. With a statistical model the most important factors controlling rates of surface elevation change were identified and provided the input for a mathematical model to study future elevation change of grazed and non-grazed salt marshes up to 2100 under three Sea Level Rise and sediment supply scenarios. We found that trampling by grazing cattle significantly reduced the annual rates of elevation gain from 11.9 mm yr-1 in the non-grazed marsh to 3.6 mm yr-1 in the grazed marsh. Next to biocompaction by livestock, precipitation deficit and extreme drought resulted in extra compaction. Our model results showed that cattle presence had a negative impact on the future adaptability of salt marshes to grow vertically for rising sea levels. Biocompaction reduced the total elevation change by 42% if the current linear SLR does not accelerate. For an accelerating and high SLR to 109 cm +NAP in 2100, biocompaction reduced elevation changes by 12% and the grazed marsh can no longer outcompete the rise in sea level from around 2050 onwards, compared to the non-grazed marsh. The grazed marsh will slowly drown but this will not lead to a significant change in vegetation composition yet. For an extreme SLR to 195 cm +NAP in 2100 the elevation changes in both the grazed and non-grazed marshes cannot keep pace with the rise in sea level and the marsh vegetation is expected to show regression to plants typical for a low marsh. A reduction in sediment supply will aggravate the effects of SLR and may result in highly increasing inundation frequencies and subsequent disappearance of the marsh vegetation.

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The importance of marshes providing soil stabilization to resist fast‐flow erosion in case of a dike breach

Cited by 7 publications

References 68 publications

Assessment of in-situ tidal marsh erodibility under high flow velocities

Assessment of in-situ tidal marsh erodibility under high flow velocities

From seasonal field study to surrogate modeling: Investigating the biomechanical dynamics of Elymus sp. in salt marshes

Biocompacting livestock accelerate drowning of tidal salt marshes with sea level rise

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