The importance of depression during pregnancy

Abstract

Objective: Today, the high prevalence of depression is one of the major health problems of pregnant women. This study aimed to assess the relationship between antenatal depression, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Methods: This cohort study involved 394 pregnant women referred to the prenatal care clinic at the Al-Zahra Hospital, affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. We used a convenient method for sampling. We collected data using questionnaires on demographic and obstetric characteristics, the CES-D scale for depression evaluation and a checklist for recording pregnancy outcomes. Results: According to the results, preeclampsia, premature membrane rupture, preterm delivery, cesarean section, intrauterine fetal death, and intrauterine fetal growth restriction were higher among mothers with depression during their pregnancies, compared to those who did not have depression. In addition, the mean birth weights of depressed mothers' infants were lower than the infants of mothers who did not have depression. Conclusion: Results from the present study showed that depression during pregnancy is associated with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Healthcare planners and mental health counselors should regard screening mothers with risk of depression and following them up and, in the necessary cases, referring to psychiatrists.

Depressed mood and anxiety as risk factors for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Several studies specifically investigated either depression or anxiety as an exposure or reported results for anxiety and depression separately, allowing for stratified analysis by type of distress. When restricted to studies investigating depression (Avalos, Chen, & Li, 2015; Bandoli & Chambers, 2017; Cripe, Frederick, Qiu, & Williams, 2011; Dayan et al, 2006; De Vera & Bérard, 2012; Goedhart et al, 2010; Henrichs et al, 2010; Hermon, Wainstock, Sheiner, Golan, & Walfisch, 2019; Heun-Johnson et al, 2019; Ibanez et al, 2012; Katon, Russo, Melville, Katon, & Gavin, 2012; Khanghah, Khalesi, & Rad, 2020; Kim et al, 2013; Kurki, Hiilesmaa, Raitasalo, Mattila, & Ylikorkala, 2000; Lutsiv et al, 2015; Mogos et al, 2019; Navaratne, Foo, & Kumar, 2016; Packer, Pilliod, Chatroux, Caughey, & Valent, 2019; Palmsten, Setoguchi, Margulis, Patrick, & Hernández-Díaz, 2012; Qiu, Sanchez, Lam, Garcia, & Williams, 2007; Ruiz et al, 2012; Schmidt et al, 2019; Suri et al, 2007; Venkatesh, Ferguson, Smith, Cantonwine, & McElrath, 2019; Yedid Sion, Harlev, Weintraub, Sergienko, & Sheiner, 2016; Yonkers, Gilstad-Hayden, Forray, & Lipkind, 2017), results indicated an increased risk of HDP (RR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.19–1.43; 26 studies). Analysis of studies on anxiety (Avraham, Tamar, Eyal, & Gali, 2020; Bánhidy, Ács, Puhó, & Czeizel, 2006; Catov, Abatemarco, Markovic, & Roberts, 2010; Chen, Lin, & Lee, 2010; De Vera & Bérard, 2012; Garza-Veloz et al, 2017; Ibanez et al, 2012; Kordi, Vahed, Rezaee, Reza, & Lotfalizadeh, 2017; Pavlov, Steiner, Kessous, Weintraub, & Sheiner, 2014; Ravid et al, 2018) also indicated an increased risk of HDP (RR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.13–21.98; 10 studies).…”

Untreated Depression During Pregnancy and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review

“…[17]. Another study conducted by Khanghah et al showed that preeclampsia, preterm rupture of the membranes, premature delivery, cesarean section, intrauterine fetal death, and intrauterine fetal growth limitation were all considerably greater among mothers with severe depression compared to those who did not have depression [21].…”

“…It indicates that all these studies considered a minimum score of EPDS to determine gestational depression. Few others utilized other measures, i.e., the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and other custom questionnaires (studies in references [5,8,[11][12][13][14][15]20,21]).…”

Correlation between pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Selective Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors and maternal and neonatal outcomes: Results from a naturalistic study in patients with affective disorders

“…Some studies linked the SSRIs/SNRIs use to an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (Steinberg et al, 2018), preeclampsia (PE) (Palmsten, Chambers, Wells, & Bandoli, 2020), postpartum hemorrhages (PPH) (Palmsten et al, 2020), postnatal adaptation syndrome (PNAS) (Grigoriadis et al, 2013), low birth weight, (LBW) lower Apgar scores (Biffi et al, 2020) and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN; Ng et al, 2019). These complications are similar to those reported by patients with depressive and anxiety disorders during pregnancy (Khanghah, Khalesi, & Hassanzadeh, 2020;Vivenzio, Nardi, & Bellantuono, 2018), except for PPHN (Ng et al, 2019) and PNAS (Grigoriadis et al, 2013) which are more specifically related to antidepressant exposure in late pregnancy.…”