The Importance of Conservative Measures in Peripheral Arterial Disease: An Update

Ankle—Brachial Index: A Marker of Both Peripheral Arterial Disease and Systemic Atherosclerosis As Well As a Predictor of Vascular Events

“…The identification of subclinical PAD holds implications for the timely initiation of preventive measures, namely smoking cessation, weight reduction, adoption of exercise, blood pressure and diabetes mellitus control, management of dyslipidemia, and antiplatelet treatment. [14][15][16] Patients with PAD need to be closely monitored. 17 The early diagnosis of PAD and the initiation of conservative measures is associated not only with a reduction in disease progression but also with several additional beneficial actions.…”

The Impact of Novel Treatment Modalities on the Therapeutic Approach of Cardiovascular Diseases

“…1 Peripheral arterial disease remains a major cause of morbidity. 2,3 Despite the continuous advances in revascularization procedures and medical treatment, limb salvage and pain management are not satisfactory in patients with severe PAD. This has led to the exploration of alternative modes of treatment, such as the enhancement of new vessel formation, that is angiogenesis, by administration of vascular growth factors.…”

Incorporating Disease-Oriented Smoking Cessation Education into the Care of Smokers with Peripheral Arterial Disease

“…Smoking is a top modifiable risk factor contributing to PAD, second only to diabetes (Alexopoulos, Vlachopoulos, & Stefanadis, 2010;Conen et al, 2011;Hennrikus et al, 2010;Federman and Kravetz, 2007;Katsiki, Papadopoulou, Fachantidou, & Mikhailidis, 2013;Lu, Mackay, & Pell, 2014;Moyer, 2013;Muir, 2009;Paraskevas, Papas, Pavlidis, Bessias, & Andrikopoulos, 2008;Simmons, Steffen, & Sanders, 2012;Sontheimer, 2006;Steffen, Duprez, Boucher, Ershow, & Hirch, 2008;Verma, Prasad, Elkadi, & Chi, 2011;Watson, Watson, & Pater, 2006;Wiley, Kumar, & Vacek, 2012). Increased pack years of smoking increases the risks of developing PAD, and increases the morbidity and mortality of the diagnosis, demonstrating a dose-dependent relationship between the two (Au, Golledge, Walker, Haigh, & Nelson, 2013;Hankey, Norman, & Eikelboom, 2006;Katsiki et al, 2013;Lee et al, 2011;Paraskevas et al, 2008;Watson, Watson, & Pater, 2006). Additionally, former smokers, or individuals who quit smoking more than 10 years ago, may still have increased risk of developing PAD and suffering increased morbidity and mortality (Aboyans et al, 2011;Conen et al, 2011;Lu, Mackay, & Pell, 2014;Verma et al, 2011).…”

“…Smoking increased the risk of negative surgical intervention outcomes such as graft failure and restenosis by more than double Federman and Kravetz, 2007;Verma et al, 2011;Watson, Watson, & Pater, 2006). There is a definitive dose-dependent relationship with smoking, meaning that patients with greater pack-years of smoking tend to have increased morbidity and mortality (Au et al, 2013;Hankey et al, 2006;Katsiki et al, 2013;Lee et al, 2011;Paraskevas et al, 2008;Watson, Watson, & Pater, 2006). Smokers are two to four times more likely to develop PAD and more frequently develop advanced disease complications such as critical limb ischemia and amputation.…”