“…1 The perceived association between academic endeavors and desirable characteristics, such as excellence and commitment, may, however, simply reflect bias on the part of consultants who themselves had to (or were forced to) pursue research to progress in their careers. 25 Opinions on the value of references in the medical literature are varied. Some advocate the use of references as a positive discriminator for selection into surgical training programs, whereas others have stated that "references do not seem to mean what they used to mean, what I think they mean, what trainees think they mean, or what they ought to mean."…”