The importance of anthelmintic efficacy monitoring: results of an outreach effort

Cain, Jennifer L.; Foulk, Donna; Jedrzejewski, E.A.; Stofanak, Heather; Nielsen, Martin K.

doi:10.1007/s00436-019-06423-6

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Extra-labeled products, e.g., fenbendazole suspensions and ivermectin solutions formulated for ruminants and mebendazole formulated for humans, are commonly administered to horses. Hence, examination of the efficacy of formulations specific for horses with benzimidazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines, macrocyclic lactones, piperazine and praziquantel is essential [ 274 ]. The gap in the production of horse wormers should be filled by domestic pharmaceutical companies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931–2020): a literature review

et al. 2020

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Parasitic infections can cause many respiratory, digestive and other diseases and contribute to some performance conditions in equids. However, knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites of equids in Iran is still limited. The present review covers all the information about parasitic diseases of horses, donkeys, mules and wild asses in Iran published as articles in Iranian and international journals, dissertations and congress papers from 1931 to July 2020. Parasites so far described in Iranian equids include species of 9 genera of the Protozoa (Trypanosoma, Giardia, Eimeria, Klossiella, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Theileria and Babesia), 50 helminth species from the digestive system (i.e., 2 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 37 nematodes) and from other organs (i.e., Schistosoma turkestanica, Echinococcus granulosus, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Parafilaria multipapillosa, Setaria equina and 3 Onchocerca spp.). Furthermore, 16 species of hard ticks, 3 mite species causing mange, 2 lice species, and larvae of 4 Gastrophilus species and Hippobosca equina have been reported from equids in Iran. Archeoparasitological findings in coprolites of equids include Fasciola hepatica, Oxyuris equi, Anoplocephala spp. and intestinal strongyles. Parasitic diseases are important issues in terms of animal welfare, economics and public health; however, parasites and parasitic diseases of equines have not received adequate attention compared with ruminants and camels in Iran. The present review highlights the knowledge gaps related to equines about the presence, species, genotypes and subtypes of Neospora hughesi, Sarcocystis spp., Trichinella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis and microsporidia. Identification of ticks vectoring pathogenic parasites, bacteria and viruses has received little attention, too. The efficacy of common horse wormers also needs to be evaluated systematically.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931–2020): a literature review

et al. 2020

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“…Reports from France [20], Germany [21], Belgium, the Netherlands [22] and the UK [23] have revealed a shortened strongyle egg reappearance period (ERP) after treatment with ivermectin or moxidectin, which is interpreted as an early indication of emerging resistance. The current status of anthelmintic efficacy in domestic horses is of importance for both scientists, veterinarians and horse owners, particularly because no new drug classes or modes of action have been introduced since ivermectin in the 1980s [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyle nematodes to ivermectin and pyrantel in Lithuania

et al. 2021

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Background With intensive use of anthelmintic drugs in recent decades, anthelmintic resistance (AR) in horse nematodes is becoming a growing issue in many countries. However, there is little available information about the parasites, treatment practices or AR in the horse population in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to assess the current situation of AR on horse farms in Lithuania. The study was conducted in 25 stables on horses with a strongyle faecal egg count (FEC) of ≥ 200 eggs per gram. A faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed on each farm after administration of ivermectin (IVM) or pyrantel (PYR). Results The efficacy of IVM was comparatively high, with 98.8% of 250 horses having a zero egg count 14 days after treatment. Two conditions were used to interpret the FECRT results for PYR: firstly, resistance was determined when FECR was < 90% and the lower 95% confidence interval (LCL) was < 80%, and secondly when in addition the upper confidence level (UCL) was < 95%. Under the first condition, resistance against PYR was found in five stables (25% of all tested herds), while when considering the UCL as well, resistance was only detected in two stables (8%). The FEC showed a significant (P < 0.01) difference between the treatment and control groups. Only cyathostomin larvae were detected in larval cultures derived from strongyle-positive faecal samples collected 14 days after treatment of a test group with PYR. Conclusions This in vivo study showed that PYR resistance is prevalent on horse farms in Lithuania, while the efficacy of IVM still appears to be unaffected. However, further studies of ivermectin resistance are needed. These findings should guide the implementation of more sustainable management of strongyle infections in horses in Lithuania.

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“…However, several recent studies have shown that the egg reappearance period (ERP) is shortening with ML in Italy ( Traversa et al ., 2009 ), the Netherlands ( Kooyman et al ., 2016 ), Finland ( Nareaho et al ., 2011 ) and the UK ( Lyons et al ., 2011 ). This is being interpreted as emerging AR resistance, which is of additional concern because no new class or modes of action have been introduced since ivermectin in the 1980s ( Cain et al ., 2019 ). Therefore attention needs to be paid to the safer and research-based use of anthelmintics ( Lyons et al ., 2009 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large amount of evidence has been accumulated in recent decades documenting the declining efficacy of all three broad-spectrum anthelmintic classes for cyathostomin control for use in horses (Kaplan et al, 2004;Peregrine et al, 2014;Smith at al., 2015). The identified resistance to macrocyclic lactones (ML) is an additional concern because no new medication classes or modes of action have been introduced since ivermectin in the 1980s (Cain et al, 2019). Due to the increasing resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) to anthelmintic substances and the lack of new anthelmintic classes for use in horses, recommendations have been made to control equine parasites with improved sustainable management, with the emphasis on monitoring and targeted dosing based on faecal egg count (FEC) for individual farms and horses (von Samson-Himmelstjerna, 2012;Matthews et al, 2014;Wilkes et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A survey of control strategies for equine small strongyles in Lithuania

et al. 2021

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Summary Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in equine cyathostomins is being reported all over the world. In Lithuania, however, the last study on this subject was published more than fifteen years ago, thus little is known about the current situation. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that may associated with the development of AR on equine studs in Lithuania. A questionnaire containing seven open-ended and nine closed multiple-choice questions about worm control strategies, use of anthelmintic substances and stable management practices was posted to 71 randomly selected horse establishments in Lithuania. Replies were obtained from a total of 59 stables, representing 83 % of officially established stud farms in Lithuania. The results showed that more than 80 % of these establishments performed pasture management practices such as excrement removal from stables and pasture, 56 % mowed their pasture, 31 % practised mixed or rotational grazing with other species, and 97 % of the horses were routinely dewormed. Macrocyclic lactones (ML) (58 %, n=33) were the most commonly used drugs, followed by benzimidazoles (BZ) (24 %, n=14) and tetrahydropyrimidines (THP) (19 %, n=10). The majority of farms (60 %) treated horses four times per year and 68 % estimated the weight of the horses by eye before treatment. About 36 % of respondents had heard of faecal egg counts (FEC), but only 17 % used the test and as few as 9 % had tested their herds for AR with faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT). The results demonstrate that there is scope for improving routines for worm control in many horse establishments in Lithuania. In order to increase knowledge and reduce the risk of the spread of AR, diagnostic methods should be adopted in a collaboration between stud farms and veterinary practitioners.

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The importance of anthelmintic efficacy monitoring: results of an outreach effort

Cited by 13 publications

References 23 publications

Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931–2020): a literature review

Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931–2020): a literature review

Anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyle nematodes to ivermectin and pyrantel in Lithuania

A survey of control strategies for equine small strongyles in Lithuania

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