The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Spider Fear, Avoidance, and Approach

Leech, Aileen; Barnes‐Holmes, Dermot; Madden, Lara

doi:10.1007/s40732-016-0176-1

Cited by 20 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Both IRAPs also presented pictures of pets as positive contrast categories. In the second experiment reported by Leech et al (2016), performance on the Fear-IRAP predicted self-reported fear but not actual approach behavior on the BAT, whereas performance on the Avoidance-IRAP successfully predicted approach behavior. Overall, therefore, the findings were consistent with the findings of Nicholson and Barnes-Holmes, and in a broader sense with the data reported by colleagues (2013, 2014), in that fear and avoidance/approach responses towards spiders may be conceptualized as two functionally independent classes of behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…A recently published study sought to replicate and extend the results reported by Nicholson and Barnes-Holmes (2012), in an attempt to measure fear, avoidance, and approach as independent response biases using two IRAPs (Leech, Barnes-Holmes, & Madden, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The research reported by Nicholson and Barnes-Holmes (2012) and by Leech et al, (2016) indicate that the IRAP may be used to assess fear and avoidance/approach. However, neither study sought to determine if performances on the IRAP and/or a BAT would be modified by a relevant "intervention" or "treatment" for spider fear and/or avoidance.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The current research seeks to replicate and extend the studies reported by Leech et al (2016) by including two different types of "intervention" designed to target fear responses. In one sense, therefore, the current research involved an attempt to combine the general strategies adopted by Leech et al (2016) and Ritzert et al (2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Spider Fear and Avoidance: A Preliminary Study of the Impact of Two Verbal Rehearsal Tasks on a Behavior–Behavior Relation and Its Implications for an Experimental Analysis of Defusion

2017

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confidence: 85%

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confidence: 96%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Spider Fear and Avoidance: A Preliminary Study of the Impact of Two Verbal Rehearsal Tasks on a Behavior–Behavior Relation and Its Implications for an Experimental Analysis of Defusion

2017

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“…If a participant failed to maintain the criteria on two or more blocks from different test block pairs all of the data from that participant were removed. This practice has been employed previously to avoid higher attrition rates (Leech, Barnes-Holmes, & Madden, 2016;Nicholson & Barnes-Holmes, 2012). Application of these criteria resulted in the exclusion of 7 of the 65 participants from the analyses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Exploring the Single-Trial-Type-Dominance-Effect in the IRAP: Developing a Differential Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding Effects (DAARRE) Model

2017

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The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) has been used as a measure of implicit cognition and to analyze the dynamics of arbitrarily applicable relational responding. The current study employs the IRAP for the latter purpose. Specifically, the current research focuses on a pattern of responding observed in a previously published IRAP study that was difficult to explain using existing conceptual analyses. The pattern is referred to as the singletrial-type-dominance-effect because one of the IRAP trial-types produces an effect that is significantly larger than the other three. Based on a post-hoc explanation provided in a previously published article, the first experiment in the current series explored the impact of prior experimental experience on the single-trial-type-dominance-effect. The results indicated that the effect was larger for participants who reported high levels of experimental experience (M = 32.3 previous experiments) versus those who did not (M = 2.5 previous experiments). In the second experiment, participants were required to read out loud the stimuli presented on each trial and the response option they chose. The effect of experimental experience was absent but the single-trial-type-dominance-effect remained. In the third experiment, a different set of stimuli to those used in the first two was employed in the IRAP, and a significant single-trial-type-dominance-effect was no longer observed. The results obtained from the three experiments led inductively to the development of a new model of the variables involved in producing IRAP effects, the Differential Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding Effects (DAARRE) model, which is presented in the General Discussion.Key words: RFT, Relational network, IRAP, trial-type, differentialThe Single-Trial-Type-Dominance-Effect 3The study of derived stimulus relations has been used by many behavior analysts as a conceptual basis for analyzing behaviors that appear to be closely related to human language and cognition. Perhaps the clearest and most self-conscious example of this approach is provided by Relational Frame Theory (RFT; Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Roche, 2001).Drawing on the seminal work of Sidman (1971; see 1994, for a book length treatment) on equivalence relations, RFT argued that the functional units of human language and cognition involve a wide range of generalized relational operants, known as relational frames, each possessing three core properties. The first property is mutual entailment and involves a bidirectional relation between two stimuli, such that if A is related to B then B is related to A.The second property is combinatorial entailment and involves three or more stimuli, such that if A is related to B and B is related to C, then A is related to C and C is related to A. The third property is the transformation of functions, which recognizes that any mutual or combinatorial entailment will involve specific behavioral functions. Thus, if A is related to B, and B acquires a mildly appetitive function, the func...

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Relational frame theory 20 years on: The Odysseus voyage and beyond

Barnes‐Holmes

Harte

2022

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The seminal text on relational frame theory (RFT) was published 20 years ago and purported to offer a single overarching behavior-analytic account of human language and cognition. In the years thereafter, an increasing number of empirical and conceptual articles, book chapters in edited volumes, and whole volumes devoted to the account emerged. In recent years, RFT has experienced a period of intense empirical and conceptual development, facilitated in part by a research grant awarded by the Flanders Science Foundation, under its Odysseus program. This research program aimed to advance and extend the RFT account beyond the rendition presented in the seminal Hayes et al. ( 2001) volume. The current article aims to provide an overview of this research program, the empirical work and concepts it gave rise to, and their implications for an RFT account of human symbolic language and cognition. Overall, therefore, the article provides an account of relatively recent developments in RFT that extend beyond the 2001 volume and thus will, we hope, inform future research and critiques of the theory going forward.

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The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Spider Fear, Avoidance, and Approach

Cited by 20 publications

References 19 publications

Spider Fear and Avoidance: A Preliminary Study of the Impact of Two Verbal Rehearsal Tasks on a Behavior–Behavior Relation and Its Implications for an Experimental Analysis of Defusion

Spider Fear and Avoidance: A Preliminary Study of the Impact of Two Verbal Rehearsal Tasks on a Behavior–Behavior Relation and Its Implications for an Experimental Analysis of Defusion

Exploring the Single-Trial-Type-Dominance-Effect in the IRAP: Developing a Differential Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding Effects (DAARRE) Model

Relational frame theory 20 years on: The Odysseus voyage and beyond

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