The Implications of Terrestrial Heat Flow Observations on Current Tectonic and Geochemical Models of the Crust and Upper Mantle of the Earth

Sclater, John G.; Francheteau, Jean

doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1970.tb06089.x

Cited by 707 publications

(255 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…In the plate model, the temperature is assumed to be held fixed by some mechanism at a depth on the order of 100 km (1,3,4). The models are quite similar near the ridge crest before cooling has penetrated very deep, but over the ocean b€sins, the models differ substantially.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…One of the more striking successes of the kinematic model of plate tectonics is that the variation in oceanic depth away from ridges can be understood in terms of simple models of cooling of the lithosphere (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Oceanic heat flow can be explained by these models if hydrothermal activity at the ridge is taken into account (6); recently it has been demonstrated that the short wavelength change in geoid elevation over ridges predicted by these simple models is also readily observed (7)(8)(9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global isostatic geoid anomalies for plate and boundary layer models of the lithosphere

Hager

1983

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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Commonly used one-dimensional geoid models predict that the isostatic geoid anomal y over old ocean basins for the boundary-layer thernil model of the lithosphere is a factor of two greater than that for the plate mode 1. Calculations presented here, using; the spherical analogues of the plate and boundary-layer thermal models, show that for the actual global distribution of plate ages, one-dimensional models are not accurate and a spherical, tull y three-dimensional treatment is necessar y . The maximum difference in geoid heights predicted for the two models is onl y about two meters.The thermal structure of old lithosphere is unlikely to he resolvable using global geoid anomilies.Stripping the effects of plate aging; and a hypothetical uniform, 35 km, tsostatically-compensated continental crust from the observed geoid emphasizes that the largest-amplitude geoid anomaly is the geoid low of almost 120 m over West Antarctica, a factor of two greater than the low of 60 m over Ceylon.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global isostatic geoid anomalies for plate and boundary layer models of the lithosphere

Hager

1983

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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“…Appendix 2 However, most of the observations to date measure only the near-surface effects of the elevated mantle temperatures, such as high heat flow (Lee and Uyeda, 1965;Sclater and Francheteau, 1970) or unusually low P and S velocities n n (Talwani, et al, 1965;Keen and Tramontini, 1970;Hart and Press, 1972). Other techniques measure a total effect averaged over a vertical section of the upper mantle.…”

Section: Figure Al 238mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mid-ocean ridge system is thought to be essentially in isostatic equilibrium (Sclater and Francheteau, 1970), thus I require constant mass in a column above a compensation depth of 100 km.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisotropy and the structural evolution of the oceanic upper mantle

Forsyth¹

1973

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The dispersion of Love and Rayleigh waves in the period range 17-167 sec. is used to detect the change in the structure of the upper mantle as the age of the sea-floor increases away from the mid-ocean ridge. Using the single station method, the group and phase velocities of Rayleigh waves were measured for 78 paths in the east Pacific. The focal mechanisms of the source events were determined from P-wave first motion data and the azimuthal variation in Rayleigh wave amplitudes. In order to describe the observed wave data unless SH velocity is higher than SV velocity within the uppermost 125 km of the mantle. Anisotropy deeper than 250 km is suggested, but not required, by the data. Acknowledgements

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“…The major difference of our study from the previous studies is that we estimate the slab pull and ridge push forces as definitely as possible, before solving the equilibrium equations. Since the thermal structure of oceanic lithospheres has been well explained in some models (e.g., PARKER and OLDENBURG, 1973 ;SCLATER and FRANCHETEAU, 1970), we can calculate the ridge push force, which may be the force arising from density variations in cooling oceanic lithospheres. The slab pull force resulting from the density contrast between the slab going down from the trench and the surrounding mantle is also calculated in advance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The magnitude of driving forces of plate motion.

Sekiguchi

1985

J,Phys,Earth

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The absolute magnitudes of a variety of driving forces that could contribute to the plate motion are evaluated, on the condition that all lithospheric plates are in dynamic equilibrium. The method adopted here is to solve the equations of torque balance of these forces for all plates, after having estimated the magnitudes of the ridge push and slab pull forces from known quantities. The former has been estimated from the age of ocean floors, the depth and thickness of oceanic plates and hence lateral density variations, and the latter from the density contrast between the downgoing slab and the surrounding mantle, and the thickness and length of the slab.The results from the present calculations show that the magnitude of the slab pull forces is about five times larger than that of the ridge push forces, while the North American and South American plates, which have short and shallow slabs but long oceanic ridges, appear to be driven by the ridge push force. The magnitude of the slab pull force exerted on the Pacific plate exceeds to 40 % of the total slab pull forces, and that of the ridge push force working on the Pacific plate is the largest among the ridge push forces exerted on the plates. The high correlation that exists between the mantle drag force and the sum of the slab pull and ridge push forces makes it difficult to evaluate the absolute net driving forces. However, the slab resistances appear to contribute more to cancelling the driving forces than the mantle drag force. From stress estimation, it was found that high stresses are concentrated around the leading edge of the downgoing slab.

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The Implications of Terrestrial Heat Flow Observations on Current Tectonic and Geochemical Models of the Crust and Upper Mantle of the Earth

Cited by 707 publications

References 33 publications

Global isostatic geoid anomalies for plate and boundary layer models of the lithosphere

Global isostatic geoid anomalies for plate and boundary layer models of the lithosphere

Anisotropy and the structural evolution of the oceanic upper mantle

The magnitude of driving forces of plate motion.

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