The implications of household greywater treatment and reuse for municipal wastewater flows and micropollutant loads

Revitt, D. Mike; Eriksson, Eva; Donner, Erica

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.027

Cited by 83 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…A dosing pump (Chem-Tech 120 GPD 80 psi, AquaQuality, Acapulco, Mexico) was selected to conduct the application of disinfectant. 6 Represents the storage tanks for rainwater and greywater, after disinfection.…”

Section: Selection and Design Of Treatment Processes For Rainwater Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The metrics used to conduct the economic assessments were the NPV, IRR, and B/I. The NPV and IRR were calculated using Equations (5) and (6). The minimum acceptable rate of return (MARR) used in this evaluation was 6%, calculated using Equation (4), and for inflation rate and risk an amount of 3% was set, based on the information provided by the Bank of Mexico [34,35].…”

Section: Cash Flows and Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the pressure on water supplies continuing to increase due to the rapid urbanization, industrialization and intensive agriculture of growing economies, interest in the use of alternative water sources, such as rainwater and recycled wastewater, is also growing [5][6][7][8]. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a widely known and used technique statistical analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Potential of Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reuse for Water Consumption Reduction and Wastewater Minimization

Zavala

Vega

Miranda

2016

Water

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Northeastern Mexico is a semiarid region with water scarcity and a strong pressure on water sources caused by the rapid increase of population and industrialization. In this region, rainwater harvesting alone is not enough to meet water supply demands due to the irregular distribution of rainfall in time and space. Thus, in this study the reliability of integrating rainwater harvesting with greywater reuse to reduce water consumption and minimize wastewater generation in the Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey Campus, was assessed. Potable water consumption and greywater generation in main facilities of the campus were determined. Rainwater that can be potentially harvested in roofs and parking areas of the campus was estimated based on a statistical analysis of the rainfall. Based on these data, potential water savings and wastewater minimization were determined. Characterization of rainwater and greywater was carried out to determine the treatment necessities for each water source. Additionally, the capacity of water storage tanks was estimated. For the selected treatment systems, an economic assessment was conducted to determine the viability of the alternatives proposed. Results showed that water consumption can be reduced by 48% and wastewater generation can be minimized by 59%. Implementation of rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse systems in the Monterrey Campus will generate important economic benefits to the institution. Amortization of the investments will be achieved in only six years, where the net present value (NPV) will be on the order of US $50,483.2, the internal rate of return (IRR) of 4.6% and the benefits-investment ratio (B/I) of 1.7. From the seventh year, the project will present an IRR greater than the minimum acceptable rate of return (MARR). In a decade, the IRR will be 14.4%, more than twice the MARR, the NPV of US $290,412.1 and the B/I of 3.1, denoting economic feasibility. Based on these results, it is clear that integrating rainwater harvesting with greywater reuse resulted in a more feasible and reliable strategy than those strategies based only on rainwater harvesting. Furthermore, the investments can be amortized in a shorter period of time.

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Section: Selection and Design Of Treatment Processes For Rainwater Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cash Flows and Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Potential of Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reuse for Water Consumption Reduction and Wastewater Minimization

Zavala

Vega

Miranda

2016

Water

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“…With the pressure on potable water supplies continuing to increase worldwide, interest in the use of alternative water sources, such as recycled wastewater, is also growing [11][12][13]. Graywater treatment and reuse is an important alternative that has recently received considerable attention because the treated effluents can be used as an additional water source to address the demand for clean water [9,14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of the Type of Detergent to Domestic Laundry Graywater Composition and Its Effect on Treatment Performance

Zavala

Estrada

2016

Water

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Abstract:In this study, the contribution of liquid and powder detergents to the composition of domestic laundry graywater was evaluated. Dosages recommended by the manufacturers were used to prepare detergent solutions and generate laundry graywater. Solutions and graywater were characterized in terms of total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and concentration of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LAS's). Additionally, the effect of the type of detergent on the treatment performance was also assessed. The coagulation-flocculation process was selected as a potential alternative for treating domestic laundry graywater. Treatment performance was assessed based on the removals of TS, TSS, TDS, turbidity, COD, and electrical conductivity (EC). Optimum coagulant dosages and mixing conditions for flocculation were determined. The results indicate a differential contribution of the type of detergent to the domestic laundry graywater composition. Liquid detergents contributed with more COD and TOC and fewer solids and LAS's, in comparison with powder detergents. Soiled clothes increased the solids and organic loads of laundry graywater; furthermore, the laundry process reduced the LAS concentration of graywater by 77% for the liquid detergent and 47% for the powder detergent. On the other hand, the coagulation-flocculation process was more effective in treating powder detergent graywater even though the liquid detergent graywater was less polluted. Removal efficiencies on the order of 95% for turbidity and 75% for TSS were achieved for powder detergent graywater; meanwhile, for liquid detergent graywater, the removals were 73% for turbidity and 51% for TSS.

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“…2 Water scarcity problems can be addressed through the recycling of municipal wastewater for reuse in households -a practice which is increasing worldwide. 3 However, reclaimed water may be a major source of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, as well as pharmaceutical waste products. 4 The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in treated water sources usually is because they are able to survive the treatment process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilm formation in surface and drinking water distribution systems in Mafikeng, South Africa

2014

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Poor quality source water and poorly treated reused wastewater may result in poor quality drinking water that has a higher potential to form biofilms. A biofilm is a group of microorganisms which adhere to a surface. We investigated biofilm growth in the drinking water distribution systems in the Mafikeng area, in the North- West Province of South Africa. Analysis was conducted to determine the presence of faecal coliforms, total coliforms, Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. in the biofilms. Biofilms were grown on a device that contained copper and galvanised steel coupons. A mini tap filter – a point-of-use treatment device which can be used at a single faucet – was also used to collect samples. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that multi-species biofilms developed on all the coupons as well as on the point-of-use filters. Galvanised steel and carbon filters had the highest density of biofilm. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from raw water biofilm coupons only. Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from filters. The susceptibility of selected isolates was tested against 11 antibiotics of clinical interest. The most prevalent antibiotic resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-K-TM-A. The presence of virulence genes was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. These results indicate that bacteria present in the water have the ability to colonise as biofilms and drinking water biofilms may be a reservoir for opportunistic bacteria including Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species.

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The implications of household greywater treatment and reuse for municipal wastewater flows and micropollutant loads

Cited by 83 publications

References 24 publications

Potential of Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reuse for Water Consumption Reduction and Wastewater Minimization

Potential of Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reuse for Water Consumption Reduction and Wastewater Minimization

The Contribution of the Type of Detergent to Domestic Laundry Graywater Composition and Its Effect on Treatment Performance

Biofilm formation in surface and drinking water distribution systems in Mafikeng, South Africa

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