The Implications of Demographic Changes on Transportation Policy

Working Women and Travel The Access of Women to Work and Community Facilities

“…These movements outweigh conflicting trends toward the capitalization of CBDs (central business districts) and the gentrification of old city areas (Barberra 1975). It is now projected that dispersal will persist throughout the 1980s (Spielberg and Andrle 1982).…”

“…Analysis of census data for the Philadelphia SMSA shows only 33 percent of women living in the city as automobile drivers or passengers for the work trip; this compares to 62 percent of male city residents and 74 percent of women who live in suburban areas (Kaniss and Robins 1974). Moreover, the female urban earners who use public transportation have the old difficulties of transit: the slower travel, the absence of security on some routes (Spielberg and Andrle 1982), the long waiting periods while en route, the paucity of means for reverse commutation to the suburbs (Meyer 1968). …”

Is population decentralization lengthening commuting distances?

“…Many demographic factors determine personal travel patterns, including where people live, where they work and how they get there, the household units into which they are grouped, and a household's stage in the family life cycle (Abrahamse and Morrison, 1981;Allen and Edmonds, 1980;Fritzsche, 1981;Garkovich, 1982;Hanson and Hanson, 1981;Keyes, 1976Keyes, , 1980Keyes, , 1982Small, 1980;Sosslau, 1980;Spielberg and Andrle, 1982;Zelinsky and Sly, 1981;Zimmerman, 1980). However, the links between these demographic factors and personal travel patterns are poorly understood, and data for studying them are sparse (Hirst, 1980;Hoch, 1981;Saltzman and Newlin, 1981).…”