The impedance characteristics of Mars Exploration Rover Li-ion batteries

Identification and quantification of ageing mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries using the EIS technique

“…Then, the larger concentration of Li-ions implies the R BMS is larger at SoC 20% than at 50% and 90%. This result is in agreement with other studies [36] - [40] which evaluated the change of cell internal resistance with respect to the SoC. , the contribution of each ageing mechanism is computed with respect to the total loss of resistance.…”

Improved State of Charge Estimation for High Power Lithium Ion Batteries Considering Current Dependence of Internal Resistance

“…The mechanism of current dependence of DCR is mainly attributed to the nonlinear behavior of charge transfer reaction, which is described by the Butler-Volmer equation [5,6,[9][10][11]. The equation shows that charge transfer resistance can be approximated as constant when current is relatively small, but it tends to decrease when the current becomes large.…”

“…For the first time, both simulation and testing have covered a wide range of currents, from 1 C to 25 C, which has not been addressed in the literature [5,6,[9][10][11][12] because the highest current ever investigated is 4 C [6]. In this work, current dependence is not only considered for both charge transfer [6], but also for solid phase diffusion, which should not be neglected [8].…”

An Equivalent Circuit Model With Variable Effective Capacity for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\hbox{LiFePO}_{4}$</tex-math></inline-formula> Batteries

“…The values of parameters , R 1 and R 2 are shown in Table 3 for the different batteries, as well as the measured average internal resistance, R int , of the batteries [32], [40]. In the model's present form, resistance R1 cannot be directly associated with the internal resistance, Rint, of the battery because the model was obtained using data sampled at 0.2 Hz from cycling tests, disregarding self-discharge, cycle ageing and temperature effects.…”