The impacts of public expenditure innovations on real exchange rate volatility in South Africa

Abstract

Typescript prepared by Gary Smith.United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research provides economic analysis and policy advice with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. The Institute began operations in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland, as the first research and training centre of the United Nations University. Today it is a unique blend of think tank, research institute, and UN agency-providing a range of services from policy advice to governments as well as freely available original research.The Institute is funded through income from an endowment fund with additional contributions to its work programme from Finland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom as well as earmarked contributions for specific projects from a variety of donors.

Does Financial Development Alleviate Poverty? Empirical Evidence from Indonesia

“…A financial sector is a set of institutions, instruments, markets, and a legal and regulatory framework that permits transactions to be made by extending credit (World Bank, 2016). Financial sector development is defined as any improvements in the functions, such as savings pooling, funds mobilization, liquidity, trading facilitation, diversification, management of risk, and information generation (World Bank, 2016;Nuru & Gereziher, 2021). According to Schmitz (2010), financial development comprises two essential features: (1) financial deepening, which is the increase of financial market volumes, such as expanding market capitalization, and (2) financial liberalization, which refers to minimal government involvement in the financial market.…”