The Impacts of High V2G Participation in a 100% Renewable Åland Energy System

Abstract

A 100% renewable energy (RE) scenario featuring high participation in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services was developed for the Åland islands for 2030 using the EnergyPLAN modelling tool. Hourly data was analysed to determine the roles of various energy storage solutions, notably V2G connections that extended into electric boat batteries. Two weeks of interest (max/min RE) generation were studied in detail to determine the roles of energy storage solutions. Participation in V2G connections facilitated high shares of variable RE on a daily and weekly basis. In a Sustainable Mobility scenario, high participation in V2G (2750 MWh e ) resulted in less gas storage (1200 MWh th ), electrolyser capacity (6.1 MW e ), methanation capacity (3.9 MWh gas ), and offshore wind power capacity (55 MW e ) than other scenarios that featured lower V2G participation. Consequently, total annualised costs were lower (225 M€/a). The influence of V2G connections on seasonal storage is an interesting result for a relatively cold, northern geographic area. A key point is that stored electricity need not only be considered as storage for future use by the grid, but V2G batteries can provide a buffer between generation of intermittent RE and its end-use. Direct consumption of intermittent RE further reduces the need for storage and generation capacities.

Solar photovoltaic capacity demand for a sustainable transport sector to fulfil the Paris Agreement by 2050

“…Future research will have to tackle full hourly resolution for the transport sector and further investigate the impact on the solar PV demand. Additional effects may be induced by more flexibility because of sector coupling, in particular via smart charging of BEVs as well as vehicle‐to‐grid benefits . Moreover, the high share of indirect fuels, all requiring hydrogen in the first step, may drastically reduce the battery storage capacity demand, since water electrolysers and hydrogen storage can provide additional flexibility, this may lead to even higher solar PV shares in the electricity supply, since less batteries may be needed, which could further reduce cost.…”

“…Additional effects may be induced by more flexibility because of sector coupling, in particular via smart charging of BEVs as well as vehicle-to-grid benefits. 58,59 Moreover, the high share of indirect fuels, all requiring hydrogen in the first step, may drastically reduce the battery storage capacity demand, since water electrolysers and hydrogen storage can provide additional flexibility, this may lead to even higher solar PV shares in the electricity supply, since less batteries may be needed, which could further reduce cost. A full hourly modelling of the transport sector will provide further insights on the cost structure of electricity-based energy supply of the transport sector.…”

Renewable Energy Powered Plugged-In Hybrid Vehicle Charging System for Sustainable Transportation

“…A very elaborate and scrutinized study of various DC to DC bi-directional topologies suited for PHEV application is provided in [5,6]. All the bi-directional converter topologies discussed in [5,6] have employed a full bridge on either side of the galvanic isolation. The topologies are discussed based on the advantages and disadvantages of each topology.…”

“…The converter work with an input voltage of 750 Vdc to achieve a variable output voltage between 300 V-600 Vdc. None of the converters discussed in [1][2][3][4][5][6] can be used as first stage power conversion preceded by a renewable energy source because of the huge switching losses and inadequate gain ratio. Whereas maintaining a high voltage at the converter end will help to minimize the conductor size [7] in PHEV charging system.…”

Achieving a Flexible and Sustainable Energy System: The Case of Kosovo

“…The outputs are PES, share of renewable energy sources (RES), CO 2 emissions, import/export electricity imbalance, fuel consumption and critical excess electricity production (CEEP). As a simulation tool EnergyPLAN offers the opportunity to model and analyze an energy system through different scenarios showing their advantages and weaknesses, depending of the input parameters as type of energy sources, emission factors, costs etc [48].…”