The Impacts of Fisheries on Marine Ecosystems and the Transition to Ecosystem-Based Management

Crowder, Larry B.; Hazen, Elliott L.; Avissar, Naomi; Bjorkland, Rhema; Latanich, Catherine A.; Ogburn, Matthew B.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173406

Cited by 156 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(151 reference statements)

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“…Endemic to the Gulf of Baja California, the species has been declining sharply for at least 2 decades; one fifth of the population is killed in gillnets every year, and there now are only an estimated 150-300 individuals (59). Indeed, more than 650,000 marine mammals die from entanglement in fishing nets each year (60), making bycatch the single largest cause of mortality for small cetaceans and pushing several species to the verge of extinction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals

Pompa

Ehrlich

Ceballos

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

156

123

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The undersigned authors note the following: "We wish to bring to your attention an issue regarding our PNAS publication referenced above. Although we cite our earlier PNAS publication (see ref. Figs. 2 and 3 display the UWHBs for Hb β-subunit (pdb.1bz0, chain B) and human cellular prion protein (pdb.1qm0) (12)(13)(14). Within the natural interactive context of the Hb subunit, the UWHBs signal crucial binding regions (24): UWHBs (90, 94), (90, 95) are associated with the β-FG corner involved in the quaternary α1β2 interface; UWHB (5, 9) is adjacent to Glu-6 which in sickle cell anemia mutates to Val-6 and is located at the Val-6-(Phe-85, Leu-88) interface in the deoxyHbS fiber."The following text in the section titled 'Toward a Structural Diagnosis' on page 6449 of our text is similar to the text beginning in the last paragraph on page 2392 in ref. 23:The distribution of proteins according to their average extent of hydrogen bond wrapping and their spatial concentration of structural defects is shown in Fig. 5 (see also ref. 23). The sample of 2,811 PDB proteins is large enough to define a reliable abundance distribution with an inflection point at ρ = 6.20. The integration of the distribution over a ρ-interval gives the fraction of proteins whose ρ lies within that range. Of the 2,811 proteins examined, 2,572 have ρ > 6.20, and none of them is known to yield amyloid aggregation under physiological conditions entailing partial retention of structure. Strikingly, relatively few disease-related amyloidogenic proteins are known in the sparsely populated, underwrapped 3.5 < ρ < 6.20 range, with the cellular prion proteins located at the extreme of the spectrum (3.53 < ρ < 3.72)....The range of H-bond wrapping 3.5 < ρ < 4.6 of 20 sampled PDB membrane proteins has been included in Fig. 5 for comparison. As expected, such proteins do not have the stringent H-bond packing requirements of soluble proteins for their H bonds at the lipid interface. Thus, this comparison becomes suggestive in terms of elucidating the driving factor for aggregation in soluble proteins: Although the UWHB constitutes a structural defect in a soluble protein because of its vulnerability to water attack, it is not a structural defect in a membrane protein. The exposure of the polar amide and carbonyl of the unbound state to a nonpolar phase is thermodynamically unfavorable (22). The virtually identical ρ value for human prion and outer-membrane protein A (Fig. 5) is revealing in this regard.Furthermore, all known amyloidogenic proteins that occur naturally in complexed form have sufficient H-bond wrapping within their respective complexes (ρ value near 6.2). Their amyloidogenic propensity appears only under conditions in which the protein is dissociated from the complex (compare Fig. 5). This finding is corroborated by the following computation. If an intramolecular hydrogen bond is underwrapped within the isolated protein molecule but located at an interface upon complexation, then to determine its extent of wrapping within the complex, we take ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals

Pompa

Ehrlich

Ceballos

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

156

123

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“…The former consequence may be explained simply by an increase in the probability of prey-predator encounter. The latter consequence can result from increased abundance of competitive species occupying the niche made available by species removal (21). Although the environmental carrying capacity for all species may remain the same, the resource/capacity available to species whose population is constantly removed will be reduced.…”

Section: Impacts Of 6-s Selection On Biodiversity and Fisheriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a change to the selective fishing philosophy

Zhou

Smith

Punt

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

305

226

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Globally, many fish species are overexploited, and many stocks have collapsed. This crisis, along with increasing concerns over flow-on effects on ecosystems, has caused a reevaluation of traditional fisheries management practices, and a new ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) paradigm has emerged. As part of this approach, selective fishing is widely encouraged in the belief that nonselective fishing has many adverse impacts. In particular, incidental bycatch is seen as wasteful and a negative feature of fishing, and methods to reduce bycatch are implemented in many fisheries. However, recent advances in fishery science and ecology suggest that a selective approach may also result in undesirable impacts both to fisheries and marine ecosystems. Selective fishing applies one or more of the "6-S" selections: species, stock, size, sex, season, and space. However, selective fishing alters biodiversity, which in turn changes ecosystem functioning and may affect fisheries production, hindering rather than helping achieve the goals of EBFM. We argue here that a "balanced exploitation" approach might alleviate many of the ecological effects of fishing by avoiding intensive removal of particular components of the ecosystem, while still supporting sustainable fisheries. This concept may require reducing exploitation rates on certain target species or groups to protect vulnerable components of the ecosystem. Benefits to society could be maintained or even increased because a greater proportion of the entire suite of harvested species is used.balanced exploitation | biodiversity | sustainability | bycatch | 6-S selection

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“…Permanent community shifts from dominance by high biomass organisms, including bioturbating macrofauna, towards small-bodied opportunistic species, such as polychaetes, have been documented for heavily trawled areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea (Crowder et al, 2008;Jennings et al, 2001a;Jennings et al, 2001b).…”

Section: Cause-effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fishing is characterized by an intense selective removal in terms of targeted species (Crowder et al, 2008;Pauly et al, 2002). This intense selective removal has direct effects on the target population.…”

Section: Cause Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a meaningful assessment of marine ecological impacts in life cycle assessment (LCA)

Woods

Veltman

Huijbregts

et al. 2016

Environment International

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Human demands on marine resources and space are currently unprecedented and concerns are rising over observed declines in marine biodiversity. A quantitative understanding of the impact of industrial activities on the marine environment is thus essential. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely applied method for quantifying the environmental impact of products and processes. LCA was originally developed to assess the impacts of landbased industries on mainly terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. As such, impact indicators for major drivers of marine biodiversity loss are currently lacking. We review quantitative approaches for cause-effect assessment of seven major drivers of marine biodiversity loss: climate change, ocean acidification, eutrophication-induced hypoxia, seabed damage, overexploitation of biotic resources, invasive species and marine plastic debris. Our review shows that impact indicators can be developed for all identified drivers, albeit at different levels of coverage of cause-effect pathways and variable levels of uncertainty and spatial coverage. Modeling approaches to predict the spatial distribution and intensity of human-driven interventions in the marine environment are relatively well-established and can be employed to develop spatially-explicit LCA fate factors. Modeling approaches to quantify the effects of these interventions on marine biodiversity are less well-developed. We highlight specific research challenges to facilitate a coherent incorporation of marine biodiversity loss in LCA, thereby making LCA a more comprehensive and robust environmental impact assessment tool. Research challenges of particular importance include i) incorporation of the non-linear behavior of global circulation models (GCMs) within an LCA framework and ii) improving spatial differentiation, especially the representation of coastal regions in GCMs and ocean-carbon cycle models.

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The Impacts of Fisheries on Marine Ecosystems and the Transition to Ecosystem-Based Management

Abstract: ANRV360-ES39-13 ARI 21 August 2008 20:29 Single-species management: population abundance is assessed for an individual species on the basis of natural mortality, anthropogenic (fishing) mortality, and population reproductive rates 262 Crowder et al.

Cited by 156 publications

References 106 publications

Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals

Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals

Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a change to the selective fishing philosophy

Towards a meaningful assessment of marine ecological impacts in life cycle assessment (LCA)

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