The Impact of World War II on the Demand for Female Workers in Manufacturing

Shatnawi, Dina; Fishback, Price V.

doi:10.1017/s0022050718000232

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Notably, the war's impact on females was not limited to one generation; Fernández, Fogli, and Olivetti (2004) show that men whose mothers worked because of WWII are themselves 24 to 32 percentage points more likely to have a spouse who works. Additionally, the war effort affected post-war labor force participation and labor supply decisions (Kossoudji and Dresser 1992;Rose 2018), labor demand (Shatnawi and Fishback 2018), marriage and fertility decisions (Larsen et al 2015;Doepke, Hazan, and Maoz 2015), and later occupational choices (Bellou and Cardia 2016).…”

Section: Gi Bill Background and Existing Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

G.I. Jane Goes to College? Female Educational Attainment, Earnings, and the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944

Lennon¹

2021

J. Econ. Hist.

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The 1944 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (the “G.I. Bill”) provided returning WWII veterans with educational benefits sufficient to cover tuition, fees, and living expenses at almost any U.S. university or college. While several studies examine subsequent educational attainment and earnings for male veterans, little is known about how the G.I. Bill affected the 330,000 American females who served in WWII. Using data from the 1980 5 percent Census Public-use Microdata Sample, I find that female WWII veteran status is associated with a 19 percentage point increase in the proportion who report any college attendance, a 7.8 percentage point increase in college completion, and earnings that are 19.8 percent greater relative to comparable females who are not veterans. Because service was entirely voluntary for females, I use service eligibility requirements, enlistment records, 1940 Census data, and the G.I. Bill’s retroactive nature to establish a causal relationship among veteran status, educational attainment via the G.I. Bill, and increased earnings. To help separate the effect of the G.I. Bill from the effect of military service itself, and because benefits increased with longer service, I instrument for female veterans’ educational attainment using age at the time of the G.I. Bill’s announcement. My instrumental variables estimates imply that female veterans’ earnings increase by $1,350 (11.6 percent) per year of G.I. Bill-induced education, explaining 73 percent of the overall difference between veteran and non-veteran females’ earnings in 1980.

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Section: Gi Bill Background and Existing Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

G.I. Jane Goes to College? Female Educational Attainment, Earnings, and the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944

Lennon¹

2021

J. Econ. Hist.

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“…A nők számára viszont a biztos jövőt a férjhezmenetel jelentette, az önálló egzisztenciát biztosító szakmai vagy felsőfokú képzés sem volt biztosítva számukra. A világháborúk okozta munkaerőhiány azonban megkövetelte a nők munkába állását; kezdetben szaktudás nélkül, akár kemény fizikai munkában vették ki részüket az országok újjáépítésében (például Webster és mtsai, 2019;Shatnawi. 2018).…”

Section: Megváltozott Családi Szerepek éS Tevékenységekunclassified

Családi életre nevelés Magyarországon

Engler

Kozek

Németh

2020

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Az elmúlt évtizedek társadalmi-gazdasági változásai szerves hatással voltak a családi életre: megváltoztak a családi szerepek, a családi formák, átalakult az inter- és intragenerációs kommunikáció. A felnőtt szerepekre történő felkészítés hagyományosan informálisan, családon belül történik, de a szükséges minták és tanulási folyamatok jelentősen megváltoztak. Ezért a családi életre történő felkészítés újabb kihívás elé állítja az – egyébként másodvonalbeli – formális és nonformális nevelést és oktatást. Tanulmányunkban röviden felvázoljuk a családi kapcsolatok minőségi és mennyiségi megváltozása mögött álló társadalmi folyamatokat, amelyek többek között a családi életre nevelés színterének formális és nemformális kiterjesztését is indokolják.Ezt követően áttekintjük a hazai formális családi életre nevelés történetét és jelenlegi helyzetét, majd az egyik leglényegesebb elemére, a házasságra koncentrálva támasztjuk alá a széleskörű társadalmi összefogás szükségszerűségét a nevelés, oktatás ezen területén.

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The impact of progressive era labor regulations on annual earnings and employment in manufacturing in the USA, 1904–1919

Allen,

Fishback,

Holmes

2024

Cliometrica

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We analyze the impact of the broad range of state labor regulations on employment and annual earnings in manufacturing for wage earners and salaried workers using a new panel data set for the 48 US states in 1904, 1909, 1914, and 1919. The effects of state labor regulations influenced the labor market for wage earners and had virtually no effect on the market for salaried workers. Fixed effects analysis shows that increases in a newly developed labor law index were associated with a rise in employment and a decline in earnings for wage workers. These changes imply a dominant rise in labor supply that reflected marginal benefits for workers that were higher than the marginal costs or marginal benefits to employers. After the demand and supply shifts were completed, both workers and employers ultimately experienced improved gains from trade. Under a wide range of assumptions about the earnings elasticity of demand, the results are also consistent with the regulation increasing labor demand and thus providing positive marginal benefits to employers. The effects of appropriations per gainfully employed worker were much smaller and depended on the size of the law index.

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The Impact of World War II on the Demand for Female Workers in Manufacturing

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

G.I. Jane Goes to College? Female Educational Attainment, Earnings, and the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944

G.I. Jane Goes to College? Female Educational Attainment, Earnings, and the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944

Családi életre nevelés Magyarországon

The impact of progressive era labor regulations on annual earnings and employment in manufacturing in the USA, 1904–1919

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