The Impact of Workload on the Evolution of Hip Internal and External Rotation in Professional Baseball Players Over the Course of the Season

Camp, Christopher L.; Zajac, John M.; Pearson, Dave; Wang, Dean; Sinatro, Alec; Ranawat, Anil S.; Dines, Joshua S.; Coleman, Struan H.

doi:10.1177/2325967117752105

Cited by 21 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The findings of hip ROM decreasing over the season for pitchers and position players are consistent with the literature. Camp et al 7 reported that pitchers and position players lost 6° of lead hip TROM from pre- to postseason. Furthermore, the authors found a correlation between loss of hip IR in pitchers and increased pitches thrown and innings pitched.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Extremity and Hip Range of Motion Changes Throughout a Season in Professional Baseball Players

Chan

Zajac²,

Erickson

et al. 2019

Am J Sports Med

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Background: Loss of upper and lower extremity range of motion (ROM) is a significant risk factor for injuries in professional baseball players. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to determine changes in ROM in professional baseball players over the course of a single season and their careers. We hypothesized that pitchers and position players would lose ROM, specifically total shoulder motion (total ROM [TROM]) and hip internal rotation (IR), over the course of a season and their careers. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Upper and lower extremity ROM measurements were recorded during pre-, mid-, and postseason on all professional baseball players for a single organization between 2011 and 2018. ROM measurements were compared for pitchers and position players over the course of the season and their careers. Also, ROM measurements over the pre-, mid-, and postseason were compared between pitchers and position players. Results: A total of 166 professional baseball players (98 pitchers, 68 position players) were included. Pitcher hip external rotation (ER; P < .001), IR ( P = .010), and TROM ( P < .001) for lead and trail legs decreased over the course of the season. Pitcher shoulder ER ( P = .005), TROM ( P = .042), and horizontal adduction ( P < .001) significantly increased over the course of the season. Position player shoulder flexion ( P = .046), hip ER ( P < .001, lead leg; P < .001, trail leg), and hip TROM ( P = .001; P = .002) decreased over the course of the season. Position player shoulder ER ( P = .031) and humeral adduction ( P < .001) significantly increased over the course of the season. Over the course of pitchers’ careers, there was decreased shoulder IR ( P = .014), increased shoulder horizontal adduction ( P < .001), and hip IR ( P = .042) and hip TROM ( P = .027) for the lead leg. Position players experienced loss of hip TROM ( P = .010, lead leg; P = .018, trail leg) over the course of their careers. Pitchers started with and maintained more shoulder ER and gained more shoulder TROM over a season as compared with position players. Conclusion: Pitchers and position players saw overall decreases in hip ROM but increases in shoulder ROM over the course of the season and career.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Extremity and Hip Range of Motion Changes Throughout a Season in Professional Baseball Players

Chan

Zajac²,

Erickson

et al. 2019

Am J Sports Med

Self Cite

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“…Youth pitchers have also been found to have correlations between hip ROM and cumulative years played, seasonal pitch volume, and months played in the past year [11]. Thus, allowing researchers to conclude that overall de-creased hip ROM may negatively impact pitching mechanics, performance, and increase injury risk [10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have shown alterations in bilateral shoulder and hip ROM and strength over not only a competitive baseball season but also following single pitching bouts [10,12,[24][25][26]. Though data regarding hip and shoulder strength adaptations over the course of…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Pre-throwing Protocol on Range of Motion and Strength in Baseball Athletes

2020

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Though chronic overhand throwing is known to result in range of motion and strength adaptations, there is limited research regarding interventions for maintenance of these characteristics. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to explore the use of a pre-throwing protocol focusing on lumbopelvic-hip complex musculature in high school baseball players and examine its effects on shoulder and hip range of motion and isometric strength over the course of a season. Four exercises were added to the intervention team’s warm-up routine. The control and intervention teams’ passive bilateral hip and shoulder range of motion and isometric strength were assessed pre/post-season. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences in delta scores between the teams for multiple shoulder and hip range of motion and isometric strength variables. Key results were the intervention team lost significantly more stride hip external rotation but gained more isometric strength than the control team. The intervention team was also able to better maintain shoulder range of motion than the control team. Practitioners should use the results of this study and consider incorporating exercises that target lumbopelvic-hip complex musculature into their current training program.

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“…In general, symmetric HRMs have been observed for both hips and across positions during preseason medical checkups of adult baseball players. 4,10,39 However, previous studies have also revealed significant differences between HRM variables in pitchers and position players. 4,25,39 Laudner et al 25 and Sauers et al 39 reported that position players had significantly more HIRs than pitchers; however, Camp et al 4 reported the opposite results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Characteristics of Femoral Torsion Angles and Relationships Between Femoral Torsion Angles and Hip Rotational Motion Variables in Adult Baseball Players

Takeuchi

Sugimoto²,

Goto

et al. 2020

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Abnormalities in hip rotational motion (HRM) are risk factors for throwing injuries. To evaluate hip rotational motion, it is necessary to assess the torsion angle. However, no studies have investigated the femoral torsion angle (FTA) in baseball players. Purpose: To investigate differences in hip FTA of adult baseball players through use of ultrasonography to evaluate the relationship between the FTA and HRM. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 149 elite male baseball players (mean age, 20.0 ± 1.8 years; 64 pitchers, 85 position players) were enrolled in this study. Ultrasonographic assessment of FTA was performed based on the tilting angles of the anterior surface of the femoral neck and condylar axis. The hip internal rotation (HIR) and hip external rotation (HER) were assessed at 0° and 90° of flexion. Data related to FTA and HRM were compared between hips and between pitchers and position players. Results: No significant difference was observed in the FTAs between hips for any player (lead hip, 20.5° ± 9.2°; trail hip, 19.6° ± 9.8°; P = .276). No significant difference was observed in FTAs of both hips between pitchers and position players (lead hip, 20.1° ± 9.4° and 20.9° ± 9.0°, respectively, P = .957; trail hip, 19.5° ± 9.8° and 19.7° ± 9.8°, P = .999). In terms of HER in 90° of hip flexion in both hips, significant differences were observed in HRM variables between pitchers and position players (lead hip, 33.0° ± 8.9° and 37.5° ± 9.8°, respectively, P = .024; trail hip, 35.6° ± 9.6° and 40.4° ± 10.2°, P = .035). Linear regression analysis revealed a significant agreement between the FTA and HIR at both 0° ( R = 0.298, P < .001) and 90° of hip flexion ( R = 0.279, P < .001). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that FTAs were not different between the hips of elite baseball players. Abnormalities of the HRM are not caused by differences in the FTA but rather involve soft tissue tightness around the hip area or other bony morphologic factors in the hip joint.

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The Impact of Workload on the Evolution of Hip Internal and External Rotation in Professional Baseball Players Over the Course of the Season

Cited by 21 publications

References 27 publications

Upper Extremity and Hip Range of Motion Changes Throughout a Season in Professional Baseball Players

Upper Extremity and Hip Range of Motion Changes Throughout a Season in Professional Baseball Players

Influence of a Pre-throwing Protocol on Range of Motion and Strength in Baseball Athletes

Characteristics of Femoral Torsion Angles and Relationships Between Femoral Torsion Angles and Hip Rotational Motion Variables in Adult Baseball Players

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