“…Research asserts that work environment affects employee job satisfaction (e.g., Judge et al 2000;Langer et al 2019;Venard et al 2022;Wright and Davis 2003), which is defined as "a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences" (Locke 1976(Locke , p. 1304. Put differently, job satisfaction describes an employee's evaluation of factors related to their job, such as pay, supervisor, co-worker, and working condition, among others (Brendel et al 2023;Kim et al 2023;Öksüz et al 2023;Rayton and Yalabik 2014;Steel et al 2019). Given that human capital is the main source of organizational competitive advantage (Hatch and Dyer 2004;Pfeffer 1995), it is crucial to study the factors that directly affect employees.…”