The Impact of Women's Employment on Second and Third Births in Modern Sweden

Hoem, Britta; Hoem, Jan M.

doi:10.1080/0032472031000143846

Cited by 134 publications

(122 citation statements)

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“…On the other hand, the relationship between female education and fertility is found to be negative in less developed countries, whereas the opposite is observed in more developed countries such as Sweden and Germany (Hoem & Hoem, 1987). Wright et al (1988) reported that education has no net effect on birth rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Fertility Regions in Bangladesh: A Marriage Cohort Analysis

Islam

Padmadas

2010

J. Biosoc. Sci.

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Bangladesh represents one of the few countries in south Asia where the pace of fertility decline has been unprecedented over the last three decades. Although there has been significant reduction in fertility levels at the national level, regional variations continue to persist, especially in Sylhet and Chittagong where the total fertility rates are well above the country average. Using data from three consecutive Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHSs) this paper assesses how fertility patterns in Sylhet and Chittagong differ from the rest of Bangladesh through a marriage cohort analysis of the parity progression ratios, and examines the factors determining the transition rates to higher parity in these two regions. Three cohorts of women are identified: those married during 1965-1974, 1975-84 and 1985-94. The results show that the probability that a woman from the recent cohort in Sylhet or Chittagong who had a third birth will have a fourth birth is nearly twice that of her counterpart in other regions. Social characteristics such as education, occupation, religion and residence have no effect on fertility in Sylhet and Chittagong. Additional period-specific analyses using the 2007 BDHS data show that women in Sylhet are considerably more likely to have a third or fourth birth sooner than those in other divisions, especially Khulna. The findings call for specific family planning policy interventions in Sylhet and Chittagong ensuring gender equity, promoting female education and delaying entry into marriage and childbearing. HIGH FERTILITY REGIONS IN BANGLADESH:A Summary. Bangladesh represents one of the few countries in south Asia where the pace of fertility decline has been unprecedented over the last three decades. Although there has been significant reduction in fertility levels at the national level, regional variations continue to persist, especially in Sylhet and Chittagong where the total fertility rates are well above the country average. Using data from three consecutive Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHSs) this paper assesses how fertility patterns in Sylhet and Chittagong differ from the rest of Bangladesh through a marriage cohort analysis of the parity progression ratios, and examines the factors determining the transition rates to higher parity in these two regions. Three cohorts of women are identified: those married during 1965-1974, 1975-84 and 1985-94. The results show that the probability that a woman from the recent cohort in Sylhet or Chittagong who had a third birth will have a fourth birth is nearly twice that of her counterpart in other regions. Social characteristics such as education, occupation, religion and residence have no effect on fertility in Sylhet and Chittagong. Additional period-specific analyses using the 2007 BDHS data show that women in Sylhet are considerably more likely to have a third or fourth birth sooner than those in other divisions, especially Khulna. The findings call for specific family planning policy interventions in Sylhet and...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Fertility Regions in Bangladesh: A Marriage Cohort Analysis

Islam

Padmadas

2010

J. Biosoc. Sci.

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“…[27,28,72,73]). It is likely that in these transitioning contexts, women's work has been integrated into their childcare responsibilities and/or women have access to much more significant levels of allocare from kin than is true in long-industrialized societies or urban areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human capital changes the market value of a person's work, as people with more embodied capital are of higher monetary value in the labour market. For women (and sometimes men), this presents a time allocation problem, as engaging in the labour market may directly conflict with care of offspring, leading some women to forgo time dedicated to reproduction in favour of more time spent in education or employment, particularly as the opportunity cost of forgoing labour market opportunities increases [27,28]. This leads to our second hypothesis (H2), that education increases the ability of a woman to enter the workforce and that either work or gaining an education may directly compete with childbearing activities, leading women to reduce fertility.…”

Section: (B) Human Capitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Economic models focus on the individual costs and benefits of producing children, and the trade-off between the quantity and quality of children [22][23][24][25][26]. This approach focuses on how, in the course of economic development, children tend to become more 'expensive', via increased schooling rates [19], opportunity costs for women [27,28], reduced child mortality rates [29], and changing labour markets [30]. Modern labour markets require skills that tend to be acquired in more formal educational settings, forcing parents to invest more to produce quality offspring.…”

Section: The Role Of Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathways from education to fertility decline: a multi-site comparative study

Snopkowski

Towner

Shenk

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Women's education has emerged as a central predictor of fertility decline, but the many ways that education affects fertility have not been subject to detailed comparative investigation. Taking an evolutionary biosocial approach, we use structural equation modelling to examine potential pathways between education and fertility including: infant/child mortality, women's participation in the labour market, husband's education, social network influences, and contraceptive use or knowledge across three very different contexts: Matlab, Bangladesh; San Borja, Bolivia; and rural Poland. Using a comparable set of variables, we show that the pathways by which education affects fertility differ in important ways, yet also show key similarities. For example, we find that across all three contexts, education is associated with delayed age at first birth via increasing women's labour-force participation, but this pathway only influences fertility in rural Poland. In Matlab and San Borja, education is associated with lower local childhood mortality, which influences fertility, but this pathway is not important in rural Poland. Similarities across sites suggest that there are common elements in how education drives demographic transitions cross-culturally, but the differences suggest that local socioecologies also play an important role in the relationship between education and fertility decline.

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“…Em outro estudo, Stolzenberg e Waite (1977) observam que o efeito negativo da participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho sobre a fecundidade é mais forte em relação ao primeiro filho, sobretudo entre as mulheres em ocupações mais privilegiadas. Já para Hoem e Hoem (1989), o impacto negativo ocorre em todas as ordens de nascimento. Esses autores observaram que, para as mulheres que participam do mercado de trabalho, a probabilidade de terem muitos filhos é menor quando comparadas com as mulheres que não trabalham.…”

Section: Custos De Oportunidadeunclassified

Diferenciais no comportamento reprodutivo das mulheres Brasileiras: uma análise a partir dos grupos ocupacionais

Júnior

Santiago²

2010

Dados

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INTRODUÇÃOS egundo dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), em 2007 o Brasil apresentava uma taxa de fecundidade total (TFT) de 1,95 filho por mulher. Não obstante, diversas pesquisas têm identificado a existência de subgrupos populacionais com altas taxas de fecundidade total, chegando em alguns casos, a seis filhos por mulher. Essas pesquisas quase sempre analisam os diferenciais de fecundidade a partir de escolaridade, renda, região geográfica e raça (Berquó e Cavenaghi, 2005;Horta, Carvalho e Nogueira, 2005;Alves, 2004;Fundação Seade, 2004; IBGE, 2000;Lam e Duryea, 1999), e deixam de lado aspectos relacionados ao trabalho e à ocupação da mulher (Dias Júnior, 2007). Nesse sentido, o objetivo, neste artigo, é examinar como o comportamento reprodutivo, representado pelo número de filhos, pela idade ao ter os filhos e pelo intervalo intergenésico, pode estar associado à ocupação da mulher.Este estudo parte da hipótese de que determinados tipos de ocupação estão associados a diferentes estratégias utilizadas pelas mulheres em relação à fecundidade. Espera-se que, entre as mulheres mais qualificadas, que normalmente estão inseridas na parcela mais competitiva do mercado de trabalho (cuja formação acadêmica é um pré-requisito, e o constante aperfeiçoamento profissional, uma exigência), o custo de

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The Impact of Women's Employment on Second and Third Births in Modern Sweden

Cited by 134 publications

References 0 publications

High Fertility Regions in Bangladesh: A Marriage Cohort Analysis

High Fertility Regions in Bangladesh: A Marriage Cohort Analysis

Pathways from education to fertility decline: a multi-site comparative study

Diferenciais no comportamento reprodutivo das mulheres Brasileiras: uma análise a partir dos grupos ocupacionais

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