The impact of viral tropism and housing conditions on the transmission of three H5/H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens

Claes, Gerwin; Welby, Sarah; Berg, T.; Stede, Yves Van der; Dewulf, Jeroen; Lambrecht, Bénédicte; Marché, Sylvie

doi:10.1017/s0950268813000125

Cited by 17 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Detection of LPAIVs is more difficult than detection of HPAIVs, like H5N1, because testing cannot target sick or dead birds like syndromic surveillance can. Critically, the data from both quail and chickens show high levels of viral replication in the upper respiratory tract and the shedding of much less virus in cloacal swabs, findings which are not unexpected, because poultry-adapted AIVs are typically shed at much higher levels in the respiratory tract in gallinaceous poultry (45,46,(50)(51)(52). The disease pathogenesis of the H7N9 virus was unusual, in that virus replication was primarily restricted to the upper respiratory tract for all the species examined and the virus did not replicate well in lungs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China

Pantin‐Jackwood

Miller

Spackman

et al. 2014

J Virol

134

145

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The recent outbreak of H7N9 influenza in China has resulted in many human cases with a high fatality rate. Poultry are the likely source of infection for humans on the basis of sequence analysis and virus isolations from live bird markets, but it is not clear which species of birds are most likely to be infected and shedding levels of virus sufficient to infect humans. Intranasal inoculation of chickens, Japanese quail, pigeons, Pekin ducks, Mallard ducks, Muscovy ducks, and Embden geese with 10 6 50% egg infective doses of the A/Anhui/1/2013 virus resulted in infection but no clinical disease signs. Virus shedding was much higher and prolonged in quail and chickens than in the other species. Quail effectively transmitted the virus to direct contacts, but pigeons and Pekin ducks did not. In all species, virus was detected at much higher titers from oropharyngeal swabs than cloacal swabs. The hemagglutinin gene from samples collected from selected experimentally infected birds was sequenced, and three amino acid differences were commonly observed when the sequence was compared to the sequence of A/Anhui/1/2013: N123D, N149D, and L217Q. Leucine at position 217 is highly conserved for human isolates and is associated with ␣2,6-sialic acid binding. Different amino acid combinations were observed, suggesting that the inoculum had viral subpopulations that were selected after passage in birds. These experimental studies corroborate the finding that certain poultry species are reservoirs of the H7N9 influenza virus and that the virus is highly tropic for the upper respiratory tract, so testing of bird species should preferentially be conducted with oropharyngeal swabs for the best sensitivity. IMPORTANCEThe recent outbreak of H7N9 influenza in China has resulted in a number of human infections with a high case fatality rate. The source of the viral outbreak is suspected to be poultry, but definitive data on the source of the infection are not available. This study provides experimental data to show that quail and chickens are susceptible to infection, shed large amounts of virus, and are likely important in the spread of the virus to humans. Other poultry species can be infected and shed virus but are less likely to play a role of transmitting the virus to humans. Pigeons were previously suggested to be a possible source of the virus because of isolation of the virus from several pigeons in poultry markets in China, but experimental studies show that they are generally resistant to infection and are unlikely to play a role in the spread of the virus. O n 1 April 2013, the People's Republic of China reported the first 3 human cases of a novel H7N9 subtype of influenza A virus. Over the subsequent days, the number of confirmed cases ballooned to over 82, with over 17 fatalities occurring in 6 different provinces (1). Sequence analysis of the virus showed the H7 and N9 genes to be those of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of Eurasian lineage, but at only 95% similarity to other isolates in the public sequence databa...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China

Pantin‐Jackwood

Miller

Spackman

et al. 2014

J Virol

134

145

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Contact transmission relies on the transfer of particles to mucous membranes directly, or via a fomite intermediate. tropism [15,[71][72][73][74][75][76]. One of the key molecular markers that facilitates adaptation of an AIV from wild aquatic birds to poultry is the deletion of amino acids from the stalk domain of NA, which have been shown to mediate the switch to respiratory tropism in chickens [77,78].…”

Section: H9n2 Virus Transmission and Host Tropism In Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Peacock¹,

James²,

Sealy³

et al. 2019

Preprint

123

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H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential. H9N2 viruses are generally hyperendemic in effected countries and have been found in poultry in many new regions in recent years. In this review we examine the current global spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, tropism, transmission routes and the risk posed by these viruses to human health.

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“…Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) kills domestic birds rapidly and is a concern for human health. While HPAI can be transferred directly from wild birds to flocks [12,13], it is more common for low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) to be transferred to domestic flocks, where it may mutate quickly to HPAI [23,25], or circulate undetected for some time before mutating to HPAI [8,14,18,27]. The increase in demand for free-range eggs and chicken meat has changed typical farming practices, and a current concern for the poultry industry is that this could lead to an increase in avian influenza outbreaks due to increased contact of poultry with the environment.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscript 1 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling low pathogenic avian influenza introduction into the commercial poultry industry

Barnes

Glass

2018

Mathematical Biosciences

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Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in commercial poultry flocks are rare but highly disruptive to the industry. There is evidence that low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) can transfer from wild birds to domestic flocks, where it may mutate to HPAI, and the industry is concerned that an increasing demand for free-range produce may affect the risk of LPAI and HPAI outbreaks. In this paper we focus on LPAI introduction and establishment, and formulate a branching process model to compare risk between sectors and their contribution to overall industry-level risk. Our aim is to determine how heterogeneity in avian influenza viruses and the distinct population structures of each sector - caged, barn and free-range, meat and layer - interact with a continuous risk of virus introduction to affect outbreak probabilities. We show that free-range access is the most influential driver of LPAI outbreaks, with production cycle length having relatively little effect. We demonstrate that variation in virus transmission rates is particularly important when modelling avian influenza introduction to domestic poultry. Virus-free status is of interest for biosecurity and we distinguish how it differs from the usual probability of extinction, and discuss how production cycle length affects this difference. We also use the nonlinear relationship between shed size and risk to identify conditions for which shed size is most influential.

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The impact of viral tropism and housing conditions on the transmission of three H5/H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens

Cited by 17 publications

References 54 publications

Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China

Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China

A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Modelling low pathogenic avian influenza introduction into the commercial poultry industry

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