The impact of uphill cycling and bicycle suspension on downhill performance during cross-country mountain biking

Macdermid, Paul W.; Fink, Philip W.; Miller, Matthew C.; Stannard, Stephen R.

doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1215493

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Placing the device in a different location from the scapulae is sometimes selected because a body-worn accelerometer only measures the acceleration of the segment to which it is attached [154]. Thus, to detect more accurately the specific skills and workload of each sports discipline, accelerometers have been placed on different locations like the wrist in tennis [155], the head in swimming [156], the cockpit in kayak [157], the handlebar, seat or bike shank in cycling XCO-MTB [158,159], or the tibia during running [19,154,160].…”

Section: Device Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review

et al. 2020

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Accelerometry is a recent method used to quantify workload in team sports. A rapidly increasing number of studies supports the practical implementation of accelerometry monitoring to regulate and optimize training schemes. Therefore, the purposes of this study were: (1) to reflect the current state of knowledge about accelerometry as a method of workload monitoring in invasion team sports according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and (2) to conclude recommendations for application and scientific investigations. The Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant published studies according to the following keywords: "accelerometry" or "accelerometer" or "microtechnology" or "inertial devices", and "load" or "workload", and "sport". Of the 1383 studies initially identified, 118 were selected for a full review. The main results indicate that the most frequent findings were (i) devices' body location: scapulae; (b) devices brand: Catapult Sports; (iii) variables: PlayerLoad TM and its variations; (iv) sports: rugby, Australian football, soccer and basketball; (v) sex: male; (vi) competition level: professional and elite; and (vii) context: separate training or competition. A great number of variables and devices from various companies make the comparability between findings difficult; unification is required. Although the most common location is at scapulae because of its optimal signal reception for time-motion analysis, new methods for multi-location skills and locomotion assessment without losing tracking accuracy should be developed.

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Section: Device Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review

et al. 2020

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“…4,15,23 However, a recent study by Nedergaard et al 24 stated that a body-worn accelerometer only measures the acceleration of the segment that it is attached to. For this reason, the accelerometers should be placed in relation to the objective of the measurements, similar to other studies that analyzed different anatomic locations, such as the wrist, 25 head 26 and tibia, 20,24,27 or sports equipment such as kayak cockpit 28 or bike 29,30 to direct acceleration measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static and dynamic reliability of WIMU PRO™ accelerometers according to anatomical placement

Gómez-Carmona

Bastida-Castillo

García-Rubio

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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Currently, the use of accelerometry to analyze training and competition is on the increase. Thus, accelerometers must be reliable when calculating different variables from raw data. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the reliability of triaxial accelerometers that contain inertial devices for measuring external loads in sports. Four and eight WIMU PROä inertial devices (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) were assessed in laboratory and specific sport conditions, respectively. The laboratory test was performed in static (with and without stress) and dynamic (10 and 30 Hz vibrations) conditions. In addition, two tests were performed during continuous and intermittent activity: (1) an incremental progressive running test on the treadmill and (2) 5 min of a Soccer-Specific Aerobic Field Test (SAFT 90), where the devices were placed on ankle, knee, lower back and scapulae. Direct assessment of the accelerometers by calculating a vector magnitude, expressed as total acceleration (AcelT), was used for reliability using bias, 695% limits of agreement and coefficient of variation. A t-test and Pearson's r were performed for test-retest reliability. In the laboratory assessments, an excellent within-and between-device static (with and without stress) and dynamic reliability were found (coefficient of variation = 0.23%-0.78%). A very high reliability was also observed in the incremental treadmill test (coefficient of variation = 2.20%) and SAFT 90 (coefficient of variation = 2.96%) with a nearly perfect correlation between devices (r = 0.99-1.00). Finally, in the between-sessions reliability analysis, excellent results (p = 0.46-0.98; t = 0.01-0.73) and a very strong correlation (r = 0.86-0.96) was found with p values greater than 0.05 indicating no differences between the tests. In conclusion, the accelerometers of the tested device have shown excellent results for within-and betweendevice reliability and in test-retest analysis. Thus, this device can calculate all variables that depend on accelerometry measurement such as PlayerLoadä or impacts in different ranges, and in different anatomical locations.

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“…The modern bicycle consists of a frame equipped with other components including handle-bars, brakes, wheels, pedals, and gears, in various configurations for different modes of cycling. Atkinson et al [1], Bartoš [2], Macdermid et al [3] and others mentioned that in general there are three main objectives in cycling science:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Loading Influence of the Full-Suspension Downhill Bicycle’s Frame on the Crack Failure Formation at a Critical Point during Different Driving Scenarios and Design Improvement

et al. 2022

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The article deals with the analysis of the existing full-suspension downhill bicycle’s frame damaged while using and the subsequent conceptual improved design of the critical point. The origin of symmetrical and asymmetrical bicycle loads in individual riding modes is investigated. Subsequently, their impact on the overall load of the frame and especially the identified critical point are assessed. An overview of different full-suspension bicycle frames, complemented by a literature overview of research related to cycling engineering and sport application is introduced. The first phase began with a kinematic analysis of the bicycle suspension system and an effect assessment of the symmetrical or asymmetrical distribution of forces, respectively, in the individual components. Furthermore, a strength analysis of the main frame was performed, taking into account the static and dynamic forces. Based on the results of the analyses performed in the ANSYS/Workbench, a critical frame point, as well as the role of individual driving regimes, were identified. The structural detail of the pocket under the saddle tube together with the asymmetrical combined load generated while out of saddle pedalling proved to be crucial for frame crack initiation and formation. Different design variants with improved stiffness were proposed for the given place. The chosen variant can be successfully implemented due to the final reduction of the maximum stress level approximately two times compared to the original pocket (only 50.4% of the original maximum stress) as well as a simple design and repair of the damaged area in terms of technology.

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The impact of uphill cycling and bicycle suspension on downhill performance during cross-country mountain biking

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review

Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review

Static and dynamic reliability of WIMU PRO™ accelerometers according to anatomical placement

Analysis of Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Loading Influence of the Full-Suspension Downhill Bicycle’s Frame on the Crack Failure Formation at a Critical Point during Different Driving Scenarios and Design Improvement

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