The Impact of Timing of Exposure to Violence on Violent Behavior in a High Poverty Sample of Inner City African American Youth

Spano, Richard; Rivera, Craig; Bolland, John M.

doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9080-3

Cited by 53 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…More specifically, studies have reported increased levels of emotional distress, a high prevalence of mental disorders, and academic failure (Cicchetti, 2004), internalizing and externalizing problems (Callahan, Scaramella, Laird, & Sohr-Preston, 2011), and violent behavior among adolescents (Spano, Rivera, & Bolland, 2006) and young people growing up in a poor and violent context. This study focused on young adolescents growing up in Villa El Salvador, a very poor region in Lima, Peru, characterized by well-documented high levels of family and community violence, abuse, neglect, and poverty (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, 2009; Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Exposure to Complex Trauma and Community Violence and Their Associations With Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms

Yearwood

Vliegen

Chau

et al. 2017

J Interpers Violence

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Studies about trauma often tend to focus on abuse and neglect. However important, these studies may neglect the importance of the broader community context that is often associated with trauma, and complex trauma (CT) in particular. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CT (defined in terms of experiencing abuse and/or neglect occurring in the context of relationships with caregivers), and of broader environmental adversity (i.e. exposure to community violence), in a sample of adolescents (N = 218) from a severely disadvantaged district of Lima, Peru. The study had two aims: (a) to assess the prevalence of CT and its associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms in these adolescents, and (b) to investigate the associations between community violence and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms over and above the effects of CT. In total, 39.4% of the adolescents reported at least one type of moderate to severe trauma. There was a clear association between CT and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Ordinal logistic regressions showed that children who were exposed to one or more traumatic experiences were more likely to score within a higher range of internalizing and externalizing symptoms than children with no history of trauma. Finally, exposure to community violence was an important predictor of symptomatology beyond the effects of CT.Keywords: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; complex trauma; early adversity; community violence, trauma assessment.Complex trauma (CT) concerns the consequences of multiple experiences of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and emotional or physical neglect at an early age within a caregiving context (Bernstein et al., 2003;Mendelsohn et al., 2011;Solomon, 1999). The effects of CT on psychological development and symptomatology have been extensively studied during the past two decades (Anda et al., 2006;Cummings & Berkowitz, 2014;Dong et al., 2004;Dube et al., 2001;Geffner & Tishelman, 2011).Pathogenic environments, in turn, refer to exposure to risky environments (Grigorenko, 2009) at different layers of social interaction, such as the household, the neighborhood, or the school. Pathogenic environments such as poverty, community violence, and household dysfunctions have been shown to negatively influence psychological development and wellbeing (Callahan et al., 2011;Cicchetti, 2004;Cicchetti & Lynch, 1993;Green et al., 2010Green et al., , 2014Hammack, Richards, Luo, Edlynn, & Roy, 2004;Ludwig et al., 2012Ludwig et al., , 2013Páez, Fernández, & Beristain, 2001;Richters & Saltzman, 1990;Taylor et al., 2006;Vanderbilt-Adriance & Shaw, 2009).Furthermore, exposure to community violence during childhood and adolescence has been linked to internalizing and externalizing problems, PTSD, low school engagement, problematic peer relationships, substance abuse, and sexual risk behaviors (Voisin & Berringer, 2015). Internalizing and externalizing symptoms following CT and exposure to violence, are related to over and under-controlled behavior pat...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Exposure to Complex Trauma and Community Violence and Their Associations With Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms

Yearwood

Vliegen

Chau

et al. 2017

J Interpers Violence

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“…The literature examining a potentially causal relationship between offending and victimization has tended to approach criminal behavior as an antecedent to victimization (see Lauritsen, Sampson, & Laub, 1991;Mustaine & Tewksbury, 1998;Nofziger & Kurtz, 2005;Sampson & Lauritsen, 1990). In recent years, however, a small literature has begun to explicitly examine the effect of victimization on offending using Agnew's general strain theory (GST) and found a positive effect (Hay & Evans, 2006;Moon, Blurton, & McCluskey, 2008;Ostrowsky & Messner, 2005;Piquero & Sealock, 2004;Spano, Rivera, & Bolland, 2006). This study added to the GST literature by testing the extent to which victimization increases delinquency among a sample of juveniles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Victimization as a cause of delinquency: The role of depression and gender

Manasse

Ganem

2009

Journal of Criminal Justice

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“…One factor is that youth gun carrying in highpoverty settings is the result of multiple risk factors that are highly intercorrelated. For example, youth are a high-risk age group for both exposure to violence and violent behavior (e.g., Menard, 2000;Spano, Rivera, & Bolland, 2006Voisin, 2007). Gang membership has also been identified as a risk factor for youth gun carrying (e.g., Bjerregaard & Lizotte, 1995), exposure to violence in the community (e.g., Decker, 1996), and violent behavior (e.g., Fagan & Wilkinson, 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Nexus of Gang Membership, Exposure to Violence, and Violent Behavior a Key Determinant of First Time Gun Carrying for Urban Minority Youth?

Spano¹,

Bolland²

2011

Justice Quarterly

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Two waves of longitudinal data from a high-poverty sample of minority youth living in extreme poverty was used to determine if the nexus (or intersection) of gang membership T1, exposure to violence T1, and violent behavior T1 is a precursor of first time gun carrying T2. The findings indicated a significant amount of overlap between gang membership, exposure to violence, and violent behavior. The multivariate findings also revealed that: (1) the effect of exposure to violence T1 on initiation of gun carrying T2 became non-significant after controlling for gang membership T1 and violent behavior T1; and (2) only 1.8% of youth were part of the nexus of gang membership T1, exposure to violence T1, and violent behavior T1, but they were 665% more likely to initiate gun carrying T2. The theoretical and policy implications of the findings for the prevention of youth gun violence as well as areas for future research are also discussed.

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The Impact of Timing of Exposure to Violence on Violent Behavior in a High Poverty Sample of Inner City African American Youth

Cited by 53 publications

References 51 publications

Prevalence of Exposure to Complex Trauma and Community Violence and Their Associations With Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms

Prevalence of Exposure to Complex Trauma and Community Violence and Their Associations With Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms

Victimization as a cause of delinquency: The role of depression and gender

Is the Nexus of Gang Membership, Exposure to Violence, and Violent Behavior a Key Determinant of First Time Gun Carrying for Urban Minority Youth?

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