“…Both the mean <gain> and individual gain (also referred to as "normalized learning scores") have been used widely in science education, particularly in relation to biology and physics teaching and learning (Bao, 2006;Chi et al, 2018;Cobern et al, 2010;Concetta Capizzo et al, 2006;Docktor & Mestre, 2014;Fadaei, 2019;Hake, 1998;Knight et al, 2013;Marx & Cummings, 2007;Redish et al, 1997;Setiawan & Kudus, 2020;Smith et al, 2011), but relatively rarely, to date, has it been used in mathematics education. The individual gain bears no necessary relation to the initial test score and generally has low correlation with it.…”