The impact of the London Olympic Parkland on the urban heat island

Hamilton, Ian; Stocker, Jenny; Evans, Stephen; Davies, Martin; Carruthers, David

doi:10.1080/19401493.2013.791343

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, much urban development of older cities consists of redevelopment of existing urban areas, which could reduce the respective UHI with careful planning and building practices (Hamilton et al . ). By contrast, relatively recent and rapid urban growth in developing regions of the world is leading to spatial expansion of urban heat islands (e.g.…”

Section: The Form Of Urban Heat Island Effectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…While there has been some recent expansion of these cities and their respective UHIs, the core heat anomaly at the city centre is often established and stabilized (Jones & Lister 2009). Moreover, much urban development of older cities consists of redevelopment of existing urban areas, which could reduce the respective UHI with careful planning and building practices (Hamilton et al 2014). By contrast, relatively recent and rapid urban growth in developing regions of the world is leading to spatial expansion of urban heat islands (e.g.…”

Section: The Form Of Urban Heat Island Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal physiology and urbanization: perspectives on exit, entry and transformation rules

Chown

Duffy

2015

Functional Ecology

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Summary1. More than 50% of the global human population lives in urban settings, which, for urban agglomerations with >1 million inhabitants, span a 30°C range in mean annual temperature and 4000 mm annual precipitation range. 2. Although the biodiversity impacts of urbanization are most commonly investigated at the assemblage level, these impacts are mediated through organismal physiology and behaviour. 3. At the individual level, mechanistic models, which provide an explicit means to understand how organisms meet the requirements of heat, water and nutrient balance, offer a useful way to assess physiological and behavioural responses to urban environments and their consequences for population dynamics. 4. Physiological determinants of assemblage variation can usefully be investigated by examining entry, exit and transformation rules. These are biases in the processes that determine which individuals join or leave a population or assemblage, and processes that act on individuals, which remain part thereof. 5. Direct evidence for physiological adaptation (broadly construed as phenotypic plasticity, genotypic change or some interaction between them) to urban environments is remarkably limited, owing largely to low numbers of investigations, given that most studies that have been conducted reveal some form of adaptation. 6. A warming tolerance approach, applied to insects globally, demonstrates that transposing sampled populations to the nearest urban area reduces warming tolerance by several degrees, though this effect is on average more marked for the Southern than the Northern Hemisphere. The lowest warming tolerance is found between 30 and 35°N or S, suggesting that in the absence of mitigation, the urban heat island effect of cities here will have the most pronounced impacts on insect populations. 7. Physiological approaches offer a useful means for understanding the urban-rural gradient across a wide range of climatically variable settings during a period of background environmental change.

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Section: The Form Of Urban Heat Island Effectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: The Form Of Urban Heat Island Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal physiology and urbanization: perspectives on exit, entry and transformation rules

Chown

Duffy

2015

Functional Ecology

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“…In recent decades, China's rapid economic growth, industrialisation and urbanisation have led to severely deteriorating air quality. Associations between high concentrations of air pollutant species, such as fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ), and adverse health effects are well-established in China (Han et al, 2018). Most notably, the inhalation of ambient PM 2.5 is linked to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and adverse birth outcomes (Han et al, 2018;Liang et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Associations between high concentrations of air pollutant species, such as fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ), and adverse health effects are well-established in China (Han et al, 2018). Most notably, the inhalation of ambient PM 2.5 is linked to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and adverse birth outcomes (Han et al, 2018;Liang et al, 2019). The Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 identified ambient PM 2.5 exposure as the fourth leading cause of premature death in China (GBD 2016Risk Factors Collaborators, 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Street-scale air quality modelling for Beijing during a winter 2016 measurement campaign

et al. 2020

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Abstract. We examine the street-scale variation of NOx, NO2, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing during the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity (APHH-China) winter measurement campaign in November–December 2016. Simulations are performed using the urban air pollution dispersion and chemistry model ADMS-Urban and an explicit network of road source emissions. Two versions of the gridded Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC v1.3) are used: the standard MEIC v1.3 emissions and an optimised version, both at 3 km resolution. We construct a new traffic emissions inventory by apportioning the transport sector onto a detailed spatial road map. Agreement between mean simulated and measured pollutant concentrations from Beijing's air quality monitoring network and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) field site is improved when using the optimised emissions inventory. The inclusion of fast NOx–O3 chemistry and explicit traffic emissions enables the sharp concentration gradients adjacent to major roads to be resolved with the model. However, NO2 concentrations are overestimated close to roads, likely due to the assumption of uniform traffic activity across the study domain. Differences between measured and simulated diurnal NO2 cycles suggest that an additional evening NOx emission source, likely related to heavy-duty diesel trucks, is not fully accounted for in the emissions inventory. Overestimates in simulated early evening NO2 are reduced by delaying the formation of stable boundary layer conditions in the model to replicate Beijing's urban heat island. The simulated campaign period mean PM2.5 concentration range across the monitoring network (∼15 µg m−3) is much lower than the measured range (∼40 µg m−3). This is likely a consequence of insufficient PM2.5 emissions and spatial variability, neglect of explicit point sources, and assumption of a homogeneous background PM2.5 level. Sensitivity studies highlight that the use of explicit road source emissions, modified diurnal emission profiles, and inclusion of urban heat island effects permit closer agreement between simulated and measured NO2 concentrations. This work lays the foundations for future studies of human exposure to ambient air pollution across complex urban areas, with the APHH-China campaign measurements providing a valuable means of evaluating the impact of key processes on street-scale air quality.

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“…59 d Albedo and surface resistance to evaporation was assumed to be similar to that for the green space category. All other parameters are from a study using ADMS to assess the impact of the London Olympic Parkland on the urban heat island 34. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effectiveness of retrofitted green and cool roofs at reducing overheating in a naturally ventilated office in London: Direct and indirect effects in current and future climates

Virk

Jansz

Mavrogianni

et al. 2014

Indoor and Built Environment

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Mitigating summertime overheating is increasingly viewed as a key issue in urban planning -a warming climate and increasing urbanisation will exacerbate the problem. The effectiveness of green and cool roofs at reducing summertime overheating was assessed for a naturally ventilated, poorly insulated office roof in London. This was contrasted to the application of retrofitting traditional insulation. The new Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers overheating criteria was used to assess the level of overheating as predicted by a whole building thermal simulation model. The impacts of the roofing strategies were split into the direct and indirect effects. The indirect effects of the roofs were modelled using microclimatic modelling software. The results indicate the direct effects of green and cool roofs at reducing overheating are much greater than the indirect cooling effect. A non-insulated cool roof was found to be the most effective strategy. By insulating the roof, the level of overheating was slightly reduced. Non-insulated green and cool roofs were more effective than insulated roofs at reducing levels of overheating. When using a 2050 weather file, the building frequently overheated without the use of green or cool roof.

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The impact of the London Olympic Parkland on the urban heat island

Cited by 21 publications

References 25 publications

Thermal physiology and urbanization: perspectives on exit, entry and transformation rules

Thermal physiology and urbanization: perspectives on exit, entry and transformation rules

Street-scale air quality modelling for Beijing during a winter 2016 measurement campaign

The effectiveness of retrofitted green and cool roofs at reducing overheating in a naturally ventilated office in London: Direct and indirect effects in current and future climates

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