The Impact of the Drug Overdose Epidemic on the Mortality of Persons with HIV/AIDS

Abstract

Introduction: In the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) era, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related causes of death have declined, while non-AIDS-related causes, especially drug overdose and liver disease, have become a leading cause of death in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Excess mortality among HIV-infected patients has been identified in those with substance use dependence. Our aim was to review the recent literature regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS on the current drug overdose epidemic with respect to the HAART era (1997 onwards). Methods: This systematic review screened Pubmed database using search terms (HIV, AIDS, HAART, overdose, hepatitis, nephropathy, opioid, acetaminophen, methadone) and included cohort studies with derived mortality rates while excluding individual case reports, commentaries, letters, and publications over 20 years old. The crude overdose mortality rate (COMR) for each study was used to calculate a pooled COMR for each region during the post-HAART era. Calculation of 95% confidence intervals (CI) for COMR used 5% alpha. Results: The COMR in HIV-infected persons was calculated for 17 cohort studies that analyzed cause of death in 22,414 total cases of HIV infected individuals who died from overdose in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Europe, and Asia. The COMR worldwide during the pre-HAART era was 4.0% (CI 0.9-7.16) but this figure significantly increased to 17.5% (CI 12.4-22.7) during the post-HAART era. Factors that contributed to the rising COMR included: demographic factors, chronic pain, acetaminophen use, intravenous drug use, prescription drug addiction, HAART use, and end-organ disease (nephropathy, liver disease, neuro-cognitive disorder). Conclusion: In the HAART era, AIDS-related causes of death declined, while deaths due to overdose significantly increased in HIV patients. The rise in COMR was primarily attributable to pharmaceutical drugs for pain management. AIDS-related end-organ diseases may possibly impair metabolism and physiologic responses to drug overdose. Future research should focus on expanded COMR reporting, drug misuse, and prognostic markers. between drug abuse, overdose, and HIV are challenging because of the difficulties in enrollment and retention in the most at-risk populations. As such, clinical research is needed to aggressively seek out high-risk, hard-to-reach substance abusers and to offer them HIV testing, access to treatment, and the necessary support to remain in treatment-both for HIV and for substance abuse [10]. Given the strong co-dependence between the epidemics of HIV/ AIDS and drug overdose, the goals of this systematic review are to assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on the current drug overdose epidemic. Firstly, this review will compare various studies from the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Europe, Asia, and Africa that address the impact of overdose on the mortality of HIV positive individuals. Using these studies we will derive an estimate of crude mortality rate due to overdose in HIV...