The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Case Notification and Treatment Outcomes in Eswatini

Masina, Hloniphile Victory; Lin, I‐Feng; Chien, Li Yin

doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1605225

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…During this time, measures that were executed to curb the spread of COVID-19 such as banning of public transport and eventually lock down may have interfered with the population health seeking behavior hence a decline in TB diagnoses [ 21 ]. Our findings are similar to a study in Eswatini that found a significant decrease in TB CNR during the COVID-19 pandemic [ 22 ]. The increase in TB CNR in 2021 and subsequently 2022 suggests that the number of people with undiagnosed and untreated TB grew during the intense waves of the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in more community transmission of infection and hence increased numbers of people developing TB [ 2 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of tuberculosis case notifications, Uganda: a ten-year retrospective analysis (2013–2022)

Aceng,

Kabwama,

Ario

et al. 2024

BMC Infect Dis

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Background Uganda has a high incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis (TB). Analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of TB is an important tool for supporting spatial decision-making, planning, and policy formulations; however, this information is not readily available in Uganda. We determined the spatial distribution and temporal trends of tuberculosis notifications in Uganda, 2013–2022. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of routinely-generated program data reported through the National TB and Leprosy Programme (NTLP) surveillance system. We abstracted data on all TB cases diagnosed from 2013 to 2022 by district and region. We drew choropleth maps for Uganda showing the TB case notification rates (CNR) per 100,000 and calculated the CNR using the cases per district as the numerator and individual district populations as the denominators. Population estimates were obtained from the 2014 National Population and Housing Census, and a national growth rate of 3% was used to estimate the annual population increase. Results Over the entire study period, 568,957 cases of TB were reported in Uganda. There was a 6% annual increase in TB CNR reported from 2013 (134/100,000) to 2022 (213/100,000) (p-value for trend p < 0.00001). Cases were reported from all 12 Ministry of Health regions during the entire period. The distribution of CNR was heterogeneous throughout the country and over time. Moroto, Napak and Kampala districts had consistently high CNR throughout the ten years. Kalangala district had lower CNR from 2013 to 2018 but high CNR from 2019 to 2022. Moroto region, in the northeast, had consistently high CNR while Mbale and Soroti regions in Eastern Uganda had the lowest CNR throughout the ten years. Conclusion There was an overall increasing trend in TB CNR from 2013 to 2022. We recommend that the National TB program institutes intensified measures aided by more funding to mitigate and reverse the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of tuberculosis case notifications, Uganda: a ten-year retrospective analysis (2013–2022)

Aceng,

Kabwama,

Ario

et al. 2024

BMC Infect Dis

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“…As evidenced by much fewer case noti cations than anticipated in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has seriously disrupted TB services [44]. Comparing data from 2019 to 2020, TB noti cations decreased globally by 21%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The COVID-19 impact on tuberculosis incidence notification in India- A comparative study (2017-2022)

Kumar¹,

Anupama²,

Alok

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Despite modern drugs treatment with 60 years of chemotherapy and 90 years of vaccination with various strategies to prevent and control tuberculosis (TB), globally TB ranks 13th in leading causes of mortality. In recent year 2021 Worldwide, TB ranks 2nd after COVID-19, in leading causes of infectious killer, killing about 1.6 million people in 2021 (including 187 000 people infected with HIV). During COVID-19 era 2020, very significant global reduction in TB incidence was detected, which suddenly reduced from 7.1 million in 2019, to 5.8 million in 2020 (–18 percent). Globally, India is listed among the top three countries accounting for 67percent of this global reduction in TB incidence, besides Indonesia and the Philippines. As per data of The World Bank, India’s annual TB incidence was falling continuously since 2000, rose again and reached 210/100,000 in 2021 from 204/100,000 in 2020. A modelling analysis study found that lockdown has induced 80 percent reduction in TB notification rates in India. India ranks fourth in infection and death from COVID-19; hence there is a possibility that slowing down of COVID-19 will unmask the TB cases and deaths leading to increase in the count of TB in future years. In spite of several similarities in manifestation and differences in aetiology, there is still lack of full knowledge about the epidemiological relationship between TB and COVID-19 .To know the real situation and scenario of TB cases this study was started with aim to alert policy maker for needful action to control TB effectively in time. This study aimed to know the impact of COVID-19 on annual TB notifications incidence in India. This is a cross-sectional, quantitative, retrospective, deductive study. This research study included all the 36 states and UTs of India. We performed a linear regression study of the existing data of pre pandemic years included in this study for calculating a counterfactual analysis in order to find out the possible real incidence of TB cases notifications, which may have been notified if the current natural intervention of COVID-19 had not taken place. The annual number of new (TB) cases detected during the pre-COVID-19 period as well as COVID-19 period of this study has shown similar trends separately. During both periods the number of new (TB) cases increased in consecutive years. Another significant finding of this study is that the number of new (TB) cases detected during the first two COVID-19 years i.e. 2020 and 2021 decreased in comparison to last pre-COVID-19 year i.e. 2019. The base year of this study i.e. 2017 are having least whereas the last year of this study i.e. 2022 are having the largest number of new (TB) cases detected in one individual year. There is an increase of 7.79 percent in TB case detection during the COVID-19 period of this study. This study revealed that during first COVID-19 year i.e. 2020 there is significant reduction in number of new (TB) cases detected by 580869 numbers or 24.29 percent in comparison to last pre-COVID-19 year i.e. 2019. The number of new (TB) cases detected increased continuously during pre-COVID-19 years by 29.59 percent in 2018 and 18.49 percent in 2019. The question arises from this study is that, is it possible to achieve the goal of NTEP by year 2025 in current scenario reality?

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“…A recent study from Eswatini shows TB case notifications decreased during the pandemic compared to the period prior. Death rate increased to 21.3% compared to 10.8% and the odds of unfavourable outcomes were higher (aOR 2.91, 95% CI: 2.17–3.89) during the pandemic compared to the period prior [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculosis services during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study on the impact of COVID-19 and practices for continued services delivery in Eswatini

Williams

Vos

Calnan³

et al. 2023

Public Health in Practice

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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Case Notification and Treatment Outcomes in Eswatini

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of tuberculosis case notifications, Uganda: a ten-year retrospective analysis (2013–2022)

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of tuberculosis case notifications, Uganda: a ten-year retrospective analysis (2013–2022)

The COVID-19 impact on tuberculosis incidence notification in India- A comparative study (2017-2022)

Tuberculosis services during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study on the impact of COVID-19 and practices for continued services delivery in Eswatini

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