“…Improvements in transmission technology and the buildup of high-tension transmission lines in the U.S. starting in the late 1950s also allowed coal-fired power plants to move away from urban centers, as evident in Figure 3. Lastly, environmental regulation such as the Clean Air Act has led to reductions in air pollution at a relatively low cost in terms of drops in coal-fired plant productivity (Clay et al, 2021;Cropper et al, 2022). Clay and Troesken (2011) point out that these changes can occur concomitantly, using the example of London in the late 19th and early 20th century.…”