The Impact of the Animal Housing System on Immune Cell Composition and Function in the Blood of Dromedary Camels

Hussen, Jamal; Al-Sukruwah, Mohammed Ali

doi:10.3390/ani12030317

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…After the final wash, the cell pellet was resuspended in 500 μl PBS by gently pipetting up and down. The washed cell suspension (100 μl) was stained to an equal volume of Turk solution, which stains the cell nuclei blue, and the SCC was performed using Neubauer counter and light microscopy ( 44 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Milk Immune Cell Composition in Dromedary Camels With Subclinical Mastitis

et al. 2022

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Mastitis represents one of the most important infectious diseases in camels with heavy economic losses due to reduced milk quantity and quality. Balanced immune cell composition and function in the mammary gland are essential for effective immune response to mastitis pathogens. The objective of the present study was to characterize the cellular immune response to subclinical mastitis in the mammary gland of dromedary camels. Therefore, immunostaining and flow cytometry were used to compare the cellular composition, leukocyte phenotype, and cell viability in camel milk from healthy she-camels (n = 8) and she-camels with subclinical mastitis (SCM; n = 6). In addition, the ex vivo phagocytic activity of milk phagocytes was compared between healthy and affected animals. The health status of the mammary gland was evaluated based on the California Mastitis Test (CMT) score. SCM (CMT score of ≥3 in the absence of clinical signs of mastitis) was found in six of the 56 sampled quarters (10.7 %) with only one affected quarter per animal. In comparison to milk from healthy camels, milk from SCM animals showed higher somatic cell count (SCC), higher numbers of CD45+ leukocytes with an expanded fraction of CD172a+ myeloid cells. Within the myeloid cell population, there was an increase in the percentage of granulocytes (CD172a+CD14low) with a decreased percentage of macrophages (CD172a+CD14high) in milk from affected animals compared to healthy animals. The decrease in lymphoid cells in SCM milk was mainly due to the decreased fraction of CD4+ helper T cells. Camel SCM was also associated with a stimulated phenotype, increased cell viability, and enhanced phagocytic activity of the milk phagocytes, macrophages and granulocytes. Collectively, the present study identified significant changes in SCC, leukocyte count, phenotype, viability, and function in association with subclinical mastitis in camels. The results of the present study support a better understanding of host-pathogen interaction mechanisms in the camel mammary gland.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies used are shown in Table 1 ( 44 , 48 , 49 ). Leukocytes were identified using a monoclonal mouse antibody against lama pan-leukocyte marker CD45 (clone LT12A).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Immune Cell Composition in Dromedary Camels With Subclinical Mastitis

et al. 2022

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“…Bacterial phagocytosis by lung or blood phagocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry, as previously described [36]. Labeling of heat-killed staphylococcus aureus with fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC) was performed according to manufacturer instructions.…”

Section: Analysis Of Phagocytosis Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by lung or blood phagocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry as previously described [36]. Lung or blood leukocytes (1 × 10 5 /well in RPMI medium) were stimulated with killed S. aureus bacteria or left without stimulation in 96-well plates (20 min; 37 • C).…”

Section: Measurement Of Reactive Oxygen Species Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Leukocyte Populations in the Lung Tissue of Dromedary Camels

Hussen

Shawaf

Humam

et al. 2022

Veterinary Sciences

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Respiratory tract infections are among the most common infections in dromedary camels, with a high impact on animal health, production, and welfare. Tissue-specific distribution of immune cells is one of the important factors that influence the nature and outcome of the immune response to pathogens. Several protocols have recently been described for the flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the lung tissue of several species. However, no such protocol currently exists for dromedary camels. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to establish a flow cytometric protocol for the identification of immune cell populations in the camel lung tissue and the evaluation of some of their phenotypic and functional properties. Combined staining of camel lung leukocytes with monoclonal antibodies to the pan-leukocyte marker CD45 and the myeloid cell marker CD172a allowed the identification of myeloid cells (CD45+CD172a+) and lymphoid cells (CD45+CD172a−) in the lung of healthy camels. The cell adhesion molecules CD11a and CD18 were found in a higher abundance on myeloid cells compared to lymphoid cells. Based on their differential expression of the LPS receptor CD14, macrophages (CD172a+CD14high cells) were identified as the most abundant immune cell population in the camel lung tissue. In contrast to their dominance in camel peripheral blood, granulocytes (CD172a+CD14low) presented only a minor population in the lung tissue. The higher frequency of γδ T cells in the lung tissue than in peripheral blood suggests a role for these cells in the pulmonary immune system. Flow cytometric analysis of bacterial phagocytosis and ROS production upon bacterial stimulation revealed high antimicrobial activity of camel lung phagocytes, which was comparable with the antimicrobial activity of blood granulocytes. Comparative analysis of immune cell distribution between the cranial and caudal lobes of the camel lung revealed a higher frequency of granulocytes and a lower frequency of macrophages in the cranial compared to the caudal lung lobe. In addition, the higher frequency of cells expressing the M2 macrophage marker CD163 in the caudal lung tissue, with a slightly higher fraction of MHCII-positive cells (M1 phenotype) in the cranial lung tissue, may suggest the distribution of different macrophage subtypes in the different lobes of the camel lung. Such differences between lung lobes could influence the effectiveness of the immune response to infection or vaccination with respiratory pathogens. Collectively, the present study identified some similarities and differences between camels and other farm animals regarding the distribution of the main immune cell populations in their lungs. Further studies are required for comprehensive immunophenotyping of the cellular pulmonary immune system in camels.

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“…Restricted housing agitates and excites camels, resulting in changes in their behavior, performances, and several body systems, including the immune system (Aubè et al 2017; Kutty and Yousuf 2017). Recently, signi cant changes were recorded in the blood immune system in dromedary camels kept under restricted housing compared to free land camels (Hussen and Al-Sukruwah 2022). Also, camel reproductive e cacy was reduced with a calving interval 3 years and a mortality rate of 27% among camel calves was reported when camels were kept under farm conditions (Kutty and Yousuf 2017; Tibary and Allali 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the daily activities of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) kept under farm conditions using deep learning technology

Al-Khateeb,

mansour,

Mirza

et al. 2023

Preprint

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This study proposed to collect and analyze the daily activities of dromedary camels kept under farm conditions by training a model depending on frames as opposed to long-term windows. Any change in daily activities gives information on the camel’s health status, and an early warning can be generated to issue a signal upon identifying any diseased camels. Five daily activities: eating, standing, sitting, drinking, and sleeping, were recorded, and analyzed in two phases, each of 7 days of continuous video recordings in November and December 2022. Phase 1 was applied on two camels to test the time elapsed for each daily activity and Phase 2 was applied on 4 camels to determine the difference in daily activities between different camel individuals. The average standing and sleeping activities reduced from 9.8 h to 6.0 h, and from 4.3 h to 2.8 h in phases 1 and 2, respectively. While the average sitting and eating activities increased from 6.2 h to 9.9 h and from 3 h to 4.7 h in phases 1 and 2, respectively. The average drinking activity for all tested camels was 43 min in both phases. All camels were active in the eating, drinking, and standing activities during the early morning hours and after 16:00 O’clock till evening. While during noon and early afternoon, they were sitting under shadows. During the evening and nighttime, they mainly sat, occasionally moving their heads, with some standing and walking activities. The average eating, standing, and sleeping activities did not differ between the 4 tested camels throughout the experiment. While the drinking and sitting activities showed an average variation of 25% and 12%, respectively, in between the tested camels. In conclusion, the camel’s daily activities can be monitored by using the deep learning model. This model efficiently monitors and improves the health of camels kept on farms in remote areas beyond human control.

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The Impact of the Animal Housing System on Immune Cell Composition and Function in the Blood of Dromedary Camels

Cited by 6 publications

References 62 publications

Milk Immune Cell Composition in Dromedary Camels With Subclinical Mastitis

Milk Immune Cell Composition in Dromedary Camels With Subclinical Mastitis

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Leukocyte Populations in the Lung Tissue of Dromedary Camels

Analysis of the daily activities of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) kept under farm conditions using deep learning technology

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