The Impact of the 1998 Forest Fire on Ectomycorrhizae of Dipterocarp Trees and their Recovery in Tropical Rain Forests of East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

The impact of forest fire in 1997 and 1998 on the mycorrhzae was studied at the dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In unaffected forest more than half of total ectomycorrhizae distributed in the organic layer but in the fire-affected forest one and a half years after the fire, total amount of mycorrhizae was smaller and they were found in deeper soil. The number of morphotypes of mycorrhizae was also smaller in fire-affected forest. An artificial plantation established after clear cut and prescribed burn had the largest amount of ectomycorrhizae, but the diversity was smaller than the unaffected forest. After four years, mycorrhizae had not yet recovered in fire-affected forest although the organic layer had recovered. Pioneer species of mycorrhizal fungi (early-stage fungi) developed sporocarps around the surviving hosts in severely affected forest and this suggests the start of secondary succession of mycorrhizae. In moderately affected forest, the species composition of mycorrhizal fungi which fruited during the study was similar to those of unaffected forest. This fact suggests that such sites may be the refugia of symbionts and be important in reforestation.

Ectomycorrhizal Associations of the Dipterocarpaceae

“…RESPONSES TO BURNING.-Tata et al (2003) did not find any EcM fruit bodies in forests burnt in 1998 in East Kalimantan (examined in 2000) and, using two dipterocarp seedling species as bait plants, she found that there was no difference in the proportion of seedlings with EcM (although values for both species were low at around 5%) among seedlings grown in the burnt and unburnt forest soils. In contrast, Akema et al (2009) found that in a severely burnt site (examined in 2002) there were no EcM root tips in the soil, although there were some fruiting bodies of typically early stage fungi (Laccaria vinaceoavellana). In the moderately burnt site, four EcM morphotypes were found, with dominance by one species, compared to a much more even EcM community in undisturbed forest where eight morphotypes were found.…”

“…Similarly, for inoculation experiments, such as that of Tata et al (2010), where EcM inoculum is already present in the soil, the benefits of inoculating seedlings are not clear, especially if the inoculated EcM species does not remain on the roots of the seedlings. This suggests that EcMs are most likely to benefit seedling performance when seedlings are planted in degraded areas where suitable EcM inoculum is not available, such as mine tailings (Lee et al 2008), burnt areas (Akema et al 2009), degraded peatlands (Turjaman et al 2007) or areas previously used for agriculture (Ingleby et al 2000). This suggests that EcMs are most likely to benefit seedling performance when seedlings are planted in degraded areas where suitable EcM inoculum is not available, such as mine tailings (Lee et al 2008), burnt areas (Akema et al 2009), degraded peatlands (Turjaman et al 2007) or areas previously used for agriculture (Ingleby et al 2000).…”

“…In contrast, the work of Turjaman et al (2007) in degraded peat swamp forest did show improved growth of inoculated dipterocarp seedlings when outplanted in a degraded peat swamp area. This suggests that EcMs are most likely to benefit seedling performance when seedlings are planted in degraded areas where suitable EcM inoculum is not available, such as mine tailings (Lee et al 2008), burnt areas (Akema et al 2009), degraded peatlands (Turjaman et al 2007) or areas previously used for agriculture (Ingleby et al 2000). In many cases, such as in logged forests, EcM colonization occurs rapidly and naturally (Lee & Alexander 1996, Lee et al 1996b and under such conditions inoculation might not be worthwhile (Brearley 2011).…”

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“…Laccaria vinaceoavellanea merupakan spesies JPE yang sebelumnya dilaporkan tersebar pada 3 negara yakni Jepang, Laos, dan Malaysia dengan 225 catatan keberadaan (GBIF, 2021). Sebelumnya, jamur ini sebenarnya telah dilaporkan menjadi salah satu JPE yang berkontribusi dalam perbaikan lahan hutan setelah terbakar di Kalimantan Timur (Akema et al, 2009). Zhang et al (2014) melaporkan bahwa spesies ini memiliki potensi yang baik sebagai agen mikorediasi karena mampu untuk mengakumulasi berbagai bahan berbahaya pada lingkungan tercemar.…”