“…Both ENSO and PDO, independently and in combination, influence wet/dry patterns and the prevalence and severity of drought (Hu & Huang, 2009; McCabe et al, 2004). Consequently, recent studies have observed impacts of PDO and ENSO on vegetation biomass and productivity (Bathiany et al, 2018; Chen et al, 2017; Detsch et al, 2016; Jiao et al, 2021). Vegetation in arid dryland regions, such as the southwest United States, is particularly sensitive to climate variation and vegetation state changes (Berdugo et al, 2020; Burrell et al, 2020).…”