Abstract:Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the implementation of the targeted subsidies plan in the rural and agricultural sectors of Iran and its impact on the government’s sales income, operating cash flow (OCF) and receivables collection ratio.
Design/methodology/approach
Using the panel data approach, the authors examine their hypotheses on a sample of six provinces of Iran, including Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Jonoubi, Kerman, Semnan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan, during 2009-2013.
Findings
The fi… Show more
“…Historic energy demand [17,27,30,[61][62][63]75,[84][85][86]91,96,118,131,133,134,138,140,143,146,[148][149][150]152,154,[156][157][158][159][160]168,181,189,192,202,230,231,234,239,240,242,243,255,262,263,268,270,273,277,280,282,…”
In this article, a systematic literature review of 419 articles on energy demand modeling, published between 2015 and 2020, is presented. This provides researchers with an exhaustive overview of the examined literature and classification of techniques for energy demand modeling. Unlike in existing literature reviews, in this comprehensive study all of the following aspects of energy demand models are analyzed: techniques, prediction accuracy, inputs, energy carrier, sector, temporal horizon, and spatial granularity. Readers benefit from easy access to a broad literature base and find decision support when choosing suitable data-model combinations for their projects. Results have been compiled in comprehensive figures and tables, providing a structured summary of the literature, and containing direct references to the analyzed articles. Drawbacks of techniques are discussed as well as countermeasures. The results show that among the articles, machine learning (ML) techniques are used the most, are mainly applied to short-term electricity forecasting on a regional level and rely on historic load as their main data source. Engineering-based models are less dependent on historic load data and cover appliance consumption on long temporal horizons. Metaheuristic and uncertainty techniques are often used in hybrid models. Statistical techniques are frequently used for energy demand modeling as well and often serve as benchmarks for other techniques. Among the articles, the accuracy measured by mean average percentage error (MAPE) proved to be on similar levels for all techniques. This review eases the reader into the subject matter by presenting the emphases that have been made in the current literature, suggesting future research directions, and providing the basis for quantitative testing of hypotheses regarding applicability and dominance of specific methods for sub-categories of demand modeling.
“…Historic energy demand [17,27,30,[61][62][63]75,[84][85][86]91,96,118,131,133,134,138,140,143,146,[148][149][150]152,154,[156][157][158][159][160]168,181,189,192,202,230,231,234,239,240,242,243,255,262,263,268,270,273,277,280,282,…”
In this article, a systematic literature review of 419 articles on energy demand modeling, published between 2015 and 2020, is presented. This provides researchers with an exhaustive overview of the examined literature and classification of techniques for energy demand modeling. Unlike in existing literature reviews, in this comprehensive study all of the following aspects of energy demand models are analyzed: techniques, prediction accuracy, inputs, energy carrier, sector, temporal horizon, and spatial granularity. Readers benefit from easy access to a broad literature base and find decision support when choosing suitable data-model combinations for their projects. Results have been compiled in comprehensive figures and tables, providing a structured summary of the literature, and containing direct references to the analyzed articles. Drawbacks of techniques are discussed as well as countermeasures. The results show that among the articles, machine learning (ML) techniques are used the most, are mainly applied to short-term electricity forecasting on a regional level and rely on historic load as their main data source. Engineering-based models are less dependent on historic load data and cover appliance consumption on long temporal horizons. Metaheuristic and uncertainty techniques are often used in hybrid models. Statistical techniques are frequently used for energy demand modeling as well and often serve as benchmarks for other techniques. Among the articles, the accuracy measured by mean average percentage error (MAPE) proved to be on similar levels for all techniques. This review eases the reader into the subject matter by presenting the emphases that have been made in the current literature, suggesting future research directions, and providing the basis for quantitative testing of hypotheses regarding applicability and dominance of specific methods for sub-categories of demand modeling.
“…It is also consistent with the development direction of the international power grid, meets the requirements of economic and social development and is an important measure to speed up the transformation of urban and rural power grids and expand domestic demand. It will lay the foundation for measuring marketing, constructing meter reading fee standard and information system engineering of electric power enterprises, make the decision of the electric power enterprise more immediate and reasonable and get the effective technical support, which will play a very strong role in promoting the leap-forward development of electric power enterprises [1][2][3] . With the continuous promotion of power marketing, it is not only power consumption information collection system can help electric power enterprise to get more data to maintain power consumption order, but also a lot of technology is also effectively used, such as computer hardware and software, digital communication and so on.…”
In modern society, with the rapid development of economy and service quality, electric energy has become one of the necessary energy sources for people's production and life. The emergence of problems, such as such as distribution network, metering, meter reading, information and so on, have seriously blocked the development of power consumption management. In the construction of power consumption information collection system, the introduction of intelligent optimization concept has brought about new innovations in management and brought new opportunities. This paper is mainly to build an operation monitoring system of power consumption information collection group based on the intelligent optimization algorithm for the monitor, and the case analysis is carried out to prove the effectiveness of the optimization algorithm.
Several major market failures are hindering renewable energy production. Probably the most significant one of these are negative externalities. Another issue hindering renewable energy production is low technological and commercial maturity. These technologies might not become commercially viable in the near future without state intervention. This study aims to analyse Finnish energy policy based on current legislation related to renewable energy production and budget policy related to renewable-energy subsidies. This study shows that the polluter-pays principle is implemented quite well in Finland due to the emissions trading scheme and taxation. Still, this principle is not entirely implemented in electricity production as electricity tax is not based on the carbon intensity of the fuel used, but rather on who uses the electricity. National subsidy policies focus on a short-term increase in renewable energy production as most subsidies are production subsidies granted through a bidding process, making these subsidy policies partly technology-neutral. These policies do not take into account long-term needs for energy policy as much as they could.
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