The impact of sulfur mustard on quality of life and mental health in Kurdish survivors in Sweden, thirty years after exposure

Moradi, Faraidoun; Moradi, Fazil; Liu, Ying; Olin, Anna‐Carin; Daka, Bledar

doi:10.1186/s12955-022-02081-y

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 30 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…Ahmad et al, 2000). Research has shown that survivors of the Anfal campaign experience a variety of psychological disorders, including PTSD, anxiety and depression (Moradi et al, 2022). These disorders arise from painful experiences of violence, displacement and loss endured during the campaign (Bolton et al, 2013).…”

Section: The Mental Health Consequences Of Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

From Holocaust to Anfal: The impact of genocide and cross-generational trauma on the mental health of Kurds

Ahmed

2023

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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Genocide attempts are among the most severe traumatic events that are transmitted across generations. However, it may also prove the strength and survivability as well as the vulnerability of the targeted group. Anfal and chemical attacks on Halabja on Iraqi Kurds that targeted their annihilation had a devastating impact. Many survivors and their generations are still dealing with their effects on psychological disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. To address the psychological effects of these tragic events on survivors and their generations and propose the actions to be taken, this article explores the psychological trauma and problems caused by attempted genocide and chemical attacks in the case of Anfal campaign. These effects require more research to fully understand the long-term effects of these tragedies, as well as support and provision of comprehensive psychological and mental health interventions to their survivors and generations.

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Section: The Mental Health Consequences Of Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

From Holocaust to Anfal: The impact of genocide and cross-generational trauma on the mental health of Kurds

Ahmed

2023

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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Psychological scars of genocide: a systematic review of post-traumatic outcomes in Kurdish Anfal survivors

Mahmood,

Ahmed,

Neldner

et al. 2024

Curr Psychol

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The Anfal genocide, including the infamous Halabja chemical attack, has imprinted deep scars on the Kurdish community in Iraq that lasted for decades. Despite significant historical documentation, the enduring psychological impact on survivors is less examined. This systematic review synthesizes existing research to address this gap. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, this review systematically searched databases for scholarly articles examining the mental health of Kurdish survivors following the 1988 Anfal genocide, with a focus on PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Of the initial 201 articles identified, seven met the inclusion criteria. These studies were subjected to a thorough data extraction and qualitative synthesis, and their quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The selected studies encompassed a combined sample of 760 participants, ranging in age from 7 to 92 years. The findings revealed high prevalence rates of PTSD, particularly in children, with a prevalence rate of 87%. In adults, PTSD and depression prevalence rates in unselected samples were estimated at 86.2% and 49%, respectively. Qualitative findings from survivors reveal a complex interplay of depression, intrusive memories, and societal isolation, compounded by poverty and discrimination, with health concerns like respiratory and ocular problems further exacerbating psychological distress. However, non-representative samples and absence of control groups limit result generalization. The literature reviewed indicates substantial psychological distress among the Anfal genocide survivors, underscoring an urgent need for targeted mental health interventions. Future research needs representative samples and validated tools for precise prevalence assessment and comprehensive impact understanding.

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The Gulf War Illness and the Iraqi Population’s Forgotten Pain and Suffering

Moradi

2023

Military Medicine

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Exposure to chemical warfare agents results in long-term biopsychosocial complaints. A recent study has revealed an association between exposure to a low dose of Sarin and Gulf War illness in American veterans from the Gulf War. The prevalence of Gulf War illness has not been studied in the Iraqi population. In light of recent research results, Iraqi chemical warfare agent survivors’ multiple physical and mental illnesses should be highlighted. For this reason, establishing both legislation and medical commissions is most needed.

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The impact of sulfur mustard on quality of life and mental health in Kurdish survivors in Sweden, thirty years after exposure

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

From Holocaust to Anfal: The impact of genocide and cross-generational trauma on the mental health of Kurds

From Holocaust to Anfal: The impact of genocide and cross-generational trauma on the mental health of Kurds

Psychological scars of genocide: a systematic review of post-traumatic outcomes in Kurdish Anfal survivors

The Gulf War Illness and the Iraqi Population’s Forgotten Pain and Suffering

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