The impact of soil aeration on oak decline in southwestern Germany

Gaertig, Thorsten; Schack‐Kirchner, Helmer; Hildebrand, Ernst E.; Wilpert, Klaus von

doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00706-x

Cited by 89 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the case of oak, multifactorial processes are related to oak decline [2,3]. Besides abiotic factors such as climatic extremes [63], soil chemical parameters [64] or air pollution [65], several biotic factors are implicated in oak declines all over the world. For example, infection by pathogenic fungi or microorganisms can also facilitate oak tree dieback [66].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Unmanned Aerial System-Based CIR Images in Forestry—A New Perspective to Monitor Pest Infestation Levels

Lehmann

Nieberding

Prinz

et al. 2015

Forests

133

128

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Abstract:The detection of pest infestation is an important aspect of forest management. In the case of the oak splendour beetle (Agrilus biguttatus) infestation, the affected oaks (Quercus sp.) show high levels of defoliation and altered canopy reflection signature. These critical features can be identified in high-resolution colour infrared (CIR) images of the tree crown and branches level captured by Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). In this study, we used a small UAS equipped with a compact digital camera which has been calibrated and modified to record not only the visual but also the near infrared reflection (NIR) of possibly infested oaks. The flight campaigns were realized in August 2013, covering two study sites which are located in a rural area in western Germany. Both locations represent small-scale, privately managed commercial forests in which oaks are economically valuable species. Our workflow includes the CIR/NIR image acquisition, mosaicking, georeferencing and pixel-based image enhancement followed by object-based image classification techniques. A modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVImod) derived classification was used to distinguish between five vegetation health classes, i.e., infested, healthy or dead branches, other vegetation and canopy gaps. We achieved an overall Kappa Index of Agreement (KIA) OPEN ACCESSForests 2015, 6 595 of 0.81 and 0.77 for each study site, respectively. This approach offers a low-cost alternative to private forest owners who pursue a sustainable management strategy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Unmanned Aerial System-Based CIR Images in Forestry—A New Perspective to Monitor Pest Infestation Levels

Lehmann

Nieberding

Prinz

et al. 2015

Forests

133

128

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“…A complex of harmful biotic and abiotic factors resulting in oak decline has been recorded across Europe since the end of 1980s (Oosterbaan and Nabuurs 1991;Gaertig et al 2002;Čater and Batič 2006). Apart from insect pests as secondary factors have technical regulations in the landscape (waterbed regulations) led to changed water regime changes in floodplains and altered the availability of the groundwater table especially in growing season, to which the pedunculate oak is particularly sensitive (Čater 2011;Levanič et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree growing space and acorn production of Quercus robur

2013

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“…Soil compaction refers to the process in which soil pores, especially macropores, are destroyed and surface aggregates are broken down. Machine traffic may therefore result in a decrease of soil pore volume, a loss of pore continuity, and rut formation (e.g., Berli et al 2003), inducing changes in soil aeration (Gaertig et al 2002), soil water retention, and hydraulic conductivity (e.g., Reicosky et al 1981). Bulk density (e.g., Cullen et al 1991) and penetration resistance (e.g., Aust et al 1998) also increase when the soil is compacted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of mechanized harvesting on compaction of sandy and clayey forest soils: results of a meta-analysis

Ampoorter

Schrijver

Nevel

et al. 2012

Annals of Forest Science

105

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Context Nowadays, harvest operations are predominantly performed fully mechanized using heavy tractors or forestry machines. The resulting soil compaction may negatively affect the soil ecosystem. Aims We wanted to draw general conclusions concerning the impact of mechanized harvesting on forest soil bulk density and the influencing factors. Method Therefore, we combined the data of several studies using a meta-analysis approach. Results The impact decreased from the surface towards deeper soil layers. At 0–10 cm depth, the impact on clayey soils was highest although not significantly different from the impact on sandy soils. Higher initial bulk densities, i.e., on already compacted forest soils, generally led to smaller extra increases of bulk density after machine traffic. For sandy soils, the impact was also significantly smaller when machines were lighter. No significant relationship was observed between the compaction degree and traffic intensity. Conclusions We observed clear compaction on both clayey and sandy soils, especially in case of low initial soil compaction degrees and heavy machines. The compacted initial state of many forest soils, the long recovery period, and the generally high impact of the first passes that is frequently mentioned in literature all count in favour of designated skid trails and an adjustment of the machine type to the job.

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The impact of soil aeration on oak decline in southwestern Germany

Cited by 89 publications

References 11 publications

Analysis of Unmanned Aerial System-Based CIR Images in Forestry—A New Perspective to Monitor Pest Infestation Levels

Analysis of Unmanned Aerial System-Based CIR Images in Forestry—A New Perspective to Monitor Pest Infestation Levels

Tree growing space and acorn production of Quercus robur

Impact of mechanized harvesting on compaction of sandy and clayey forest soils: results of a meta-analysis

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