The Impact of Social Status, Family Structure, and Neighborhood on the Fertility of Black Adolescents

Hogan, Dennis P.; Kitagawa, Evelyn M.

doi:10.1086/228146

Cited by 651 publications

(409 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Living in poor neighborhoods is associated with greater frequency of intercourse among males (Ku, Sonenstein, & Pleck, 1993b) and with higher rates of adolescent pregnancy (Hogan & Kitagawa, 1985). Community variables, such the percentage of women working full time, are negatively associated with rates of premarital intercourse for both black and white women (Billy, Brewster, & Grady, 1994) and help account for racial disparities in timing of fi rst intercourse (Brewster, 1994).…”

Section: Neighborhood Infl Uencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent Sexuality: Behavior and Meaning

Crockett¹,

Raffaelli

Moilanen

2006

Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence

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Section: Neighborhood Infl Uencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent Sexuality: Behavior and Meaning

Crockett¹,

Raffaelli

Moilanen

2006

Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence

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“…Traditionally, marriage has been considered one of the steps in the life-cycle that signifies the transition to adulthood (Hogan and Kitagawa 1985). However, it appears that for certain groups of women, the path to adulthood is now less likely to be characterized by marriage than it was previously.…”

Section: The Increasing Significance Of Racementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is an urban population that is lacking in skills, education, and employment, is permanently disaffected from the mainstream labor market, and has little hope of upward mobility (Auletta 1982;Edelman 1987;Hogan and Kitagawa 1985;Wilson and Neckerman 1986). Typical avenues of advancement are closed off to this group because educational criteria are increasingly important for mobility and because structural changes in the postwar economy have entailed declining employment prospects, especially in the manufacturing sector, in central cities where blacks are concentrated.…”

Section: The Relative Economic Situation Of Blacks and Whitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Divergence of Black and White Marriage Patterns

Bennett¹,

Bloom²,

Craig³

1989

American Journal of Sociology

189

100

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Our purpose in this paper is first, to examine patterns of first marriage among black and white women in the United States, and then, to assess the various factors that underlie these patterns. Three major differences exist between the first marriage patterns of black and white women: lower proportions of blacks marry than whites, the proportion of women who ever marry has declined substantially across cohorts of black women but comparatively modestly across cohorts of white women, and increased education is associated negatively, if only slightly, with the probability of ever marrying among white women, but is associated positively among black women. The observed racial divergence of marriage patterns is demonstrated to be consistent with three factors differentially experienced by blacks and whites: the marriage squeeze, labor market success, and out-of-wedlock childbearing. Terms of use: Documents inOur a.nalysis of the marriage squeeze indicates that, given the traditional range of age differences between spouses, there is a greater mismatch in terms of sheer numbers of women and men among blacks than among whites for cohorts born prior to the late 1950s. Along economic lines, we find that an individual's employment status is positively associated with the propensity to marry and that the labor market situation of less-educated young black men and women is generally poor and has deteriorated significantly with the passage of time in comparison to other groups in the United States. Last, we provide evidence that having an out-of-wedlock child at an early age is strongly negatively associated with the likelihood that a woman will ultimately marry.

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“…The sisters of teenage mothers have also been shown to be younger at first pregnancy (Cox et al, 1993), younger at sexual onset (Hogan & Kitagawa, 1985), and more likely to have had sexual intercourse during early adolescence (East, 1996b;East, Felice, & Morgan, 1993) than girls of comparable race and socioeconomic status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The siblings of parenting teens spent 10 hr a week caring for their sisters' children, and, for girls, many hours of child care was associated with negative outcomes including permissive sexual behavior. Findings suggest that the younger sisters of parenting teens are at very high risk of early pregnancy and that this risk becomes increasingly pronounced across time.Numerous reports have documented that the sisters of teenage mothers have adolescent childbearing rates 2 to 6 times higher than women in the general population depending on the comparison group used (Cox, Emans, & Bithoney, 1993;Friede et al, 1986;Hogan & Kitagawa, 1985; reviewed in East & Felice, 1992). The sisters of teenage mothers have also been shown to be younger at first pregnancy (Cox et al, 1993), younger at sexual onset (Hogan & Kitagawa, 1985), and more likely to have had sexual intercourse during early adolescence (East, 1996b;East, Felice, & Morgan, 1993) than girls of comparable race and socioeconomic status.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The younger siblings of teenage mothers: A follow-up of their pregnancy risk.

East¹,

Jacobson²

2001

Developmental Psychology

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This study followed 243 younger brothers and younger sisters of parenting teens and nonparenting teens across a 1.5-year period. The average age of siblings was 13.6 years at Time 1 and 15 years at Time 2. Relative to other youths, the sisters of parenting teens exhibited a sharp increase in drug and alcohol use and partying behavior across time and had the highest pregnancy rate at Time 2 (15%). The siblings of parenting teens spent 10 hr a week caring for their sisters' children, and, for girls, many hours of child care was associated with negative outcomes including permissive sexual behavior. Findings suggest that the younger sisters of parenting teens are at very high risk of early pregnancy and that this risk becomes increasingly pronounced across time.Numerous reports have documented that the sisters of teenage mothers have adolescent childbearing rates 2 to 6 times higher than women in the general population depending on the comparison group used (Cox, Emans, & Bithoney, 1993;Friede et al., 1986;Hogan & Kitagawa, 1985; reviewed in East & Felice, 1992). The sisters of teenage mothers have also been shown to be younger at first pregnancy (Cox et al., 1993), younger at sexual onset (Hogan & Kitagawa, 1985), and more likely to have had sexual intercourse during early adolescence (East, 1996b;East, Felice, & Morgan, 1993) than girls of comparable race and socioeconomic status.Although these studies clearly point to an increased pregnancy risk among the sisters of childbearing teens, they do not address at what point in development these sisters begin to show an increased vulnerability to early pregnancy and which behaviors emerge as indicative of high pregnancy risk. In addition, very little attention has been paid to the likelihood of the brothers of teenage mothers causing a pregnancy during adolescence. Are brothers of teenage mothers more likely to father a child as a teen than other boys their same age, race, and socioeconomic status? If so, at what age is this likelihood apparent and which specific behaviors emerge as risk factors for teen fatherhood for boys? Previous research has also not addressed whether the sisters of childbearing teens are at higher risk for adolescent parenthood than the brothers of childbearing teens. Girls may be more strongly and more negatively affected by a sister's teenage pregnancy than boys because of stronger withingender modeling and identification processes (Bandura, 1977;Bank & Kahn, 1982). For example, compared with boys, girls would be more likely to identify with their sister's role as mother. Girls may also feel more competitive and jealous of a childbearing sister because the sister has done something that they are also presumably capable of but have not yet done (East, 1996a;East & Shi, 1997). This competitiveness may incite the sisters of childbearing NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript teens to also have a baby, whereas it may not be present for or relevant to the brothers of childbearing teens.The current study a...

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The Impact of Social Status, Family Structure, and Neighborhood on the Fertility of Black Adolescents

Cited by 651 publications

References 39 publications

Adolescent Sexuality: Behavior and Meaning

Adolescent Sexuality: Behavior and Meaning

The Divergence of Black and White Marriage Patterns

The younger siblings of teenage mothers: A follow-up of their pregnancy risk.

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