The impact of smoking status on 9.3 years incidence of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among Iranian men

Ehteshami‐Afshar, Solmaz; Momenan, Amirabbas; Hajshekholeslami, Farhad; Azizi, Fereidoun; Hadaegh, Farzad

doi:10.3109/03014460.2013.853834

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The same study demonstrated that smoking reduces the risk of autoimmune diabetes dose-dependently possibly because of inhibitory effects on the autoimmune processes. If neglected, increases in the rates of cigarette smoking in our study population places both diabetic and non-diabetic populations at dramatically increased risk of future CVD [40] . In a recent study, it has been proposed that the five most important preventive measures in diabetes by the order of importance are smoking cessation, BP control, metformin therapy, lipid reduction and glycemic control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…This is inconsistent with previous reports of the other populations [10] , [16] - [18] . We previously have shown that even smoking 10 cigarettes a day or being a past smoker almost doubled the risk of CVD events during a 9.5 year follow-up [40] . In the present study, although the rate of smoking among females remains much lower than that of other studies, its 10-year trend shows a 56% increase among diabetic females, while non-diabetic females actually had a 2-fold increase in their smoking rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in People with and without Diabetes Mellitus: A Middle Eastern Cohort Study

et al. 2014

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Aims/HypothesisTo investigate secular trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors during a decade of follow-up in a Middle Eastern cohort, and to compare observed trends between diabetic and non-diabetic populations.MethodsIn a population of 6181 participants (2622 males and 3559 females), diabetes status and CVD risk factors were evaluated in 4 study phases from 1999–2011. 1045 subjects had type 2 diabetes mellitus at baseline and 5136 participants were diabetes-free. To examine the trends of CVD risk factors, generalized estimation equation models were constructed. The interaction between the diabetes status and each phase of the study was checked in a separate model.ResultsDuring the follow-up period diabetic females significantly gained better control of their blood pressure, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol and general and central obesity measures compared to non-diabetic counterparts, although 60% of them had high BP and 64% had high serum LDL-C levels till the end of the study. Diabetic males however, experienced significantly better control on their serum LDL-C and general and central obesity measures compared to their non-diabetic controls; but 24% of them were still smoker, 63% had high BP and 60% had high serum LDL-C levels at the end of the follow-up (all Ps interaction <0.05). Use of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications increased consistently in both diabetic and non-diabetic populations.Conclusions/InterpretationAlthough CVD risk factors have been controlled to some extent among diabetic population in Iran, still high numbers of people with diabetes have uncontrolled CVD risk factors that prompt more attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in People with and without Diabetes Mellitus: A Middle Eastern Cohort Study

et al. 2014

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“…Smoking is regarded as the most preventable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality32 and there is overwhelming evidence from epidemiological studies showing association between smoking and CVD 33 34. In a recent study, Ehteshami-Afshar et al 35 evaluated the impact of smoking on CVD among Iranian men. In this prospective study, 3059 men aged ≥30 years, free of CVD at baseline were evaluated for a median of 9.3 years follow-up.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between smoking and health outcomes in an economically deprived population: the Liverpool Lung Project

Sherratt

Field

Marcus

2017

J Epidemiol Community Health

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“…However, one way that heterogeneity can enter into smoking status categories is via smoking amount, specifically cigarettes per day. Previous studies suggest that there is an increased risk of death due to coronary heart disease with increased amount 14 . This is a common way of adjusting for smoking 12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking behavior and smoking index as prognostic indicators for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgery: A large cohort study in Guangzhou, China

Liu¹,

Huang²,

Liao³

et al. 2020

Tob. Induc. Dis.

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INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the association between smoking and smoking index with clinical outcomes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis conducted on consecutive patients with esophageal carcinoma who underwent esophagectomy from January 2005 to December 2010. All patients had pathologically confirmed esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The association between smoking and sociodemographic characteristics with overall survival and disease-free survival was analyzed. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen was measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS A total of 944 patients were enrolled. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients who smoked had a significantly worse prognosis in terms of both overall survival (p=0.007) and disease-free survival (p= 0.010). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age (p=0.001), carcinoembryonic antigen (p=0.012), tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging (p<0.001) and smoking (p=0.048) were independently correlated with overall survival, while only TNM stage (p<0.001) and smoking (p=0.041) were identified as independent factors of disease-free survival. We divided the smoking population into two groups (smoking index <400 and ≥400). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that a smoking index <400 was associated with a significantly better prognosis in terms of both overall survival (p=0.003) and favorable disease-free survival (p=0.032). Multivariate analysis showed that age (p<0.001), TNM staging (p<0.001), and smoking index (p=0.025) were independent factors of overall survival, whereas for disease-free survival, only TNM stage (p=0.001) and smoking index (p=0.025) were identified. CONCLUSIONS Overall survival was significantly associated with smoking in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. For esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients who smoke, a higher smoking index is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Therefore, smoking may be used as a predictive indicator for pretreatment evaluation and adjustment of treatment regimen.

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The impact of smoking status on 9.3 years incidence of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among Iranian men

Abstract: The findings indicate that smoking increases the risk of incident CVD/CHD, total and CVD mortality, particularly CVD mortality. These outcomes were attributable to the daily amount of cigarettes smoked. Past smokers still had higher risk for CVD events, which cessation may not reduce.

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in People with and without Diabetes Mellitus: A Middle Eastern Cohort Study

Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in People with and without Diabetes Mellitus: A Middle Eastern Cohort Study

Association between smoking and health outcomes in an economically deprived population: the Liverpool Lung Project

Smoking behavior and smoking index as prognostic indicators for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgery: A large cohort study in Guangzhou, China

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