The Impact of Rice Field Functional Shifts on Sustainability and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the driving factors behind functional shifts in rice fields and to assess the contribution of rice field activities to greenhouse gas emissions. Data were collected from 58 respondents, including heads of subak systems, agriculture officers, representatives from the Tabanan Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, and academicians. Leverage analysis, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and emission calculations using the 2019 IPCC approach were employed, along with time series data from 2016 to 2020. The findings revealed that the primary determinants of functional shifts included pest attacks and diseases, rice field selling prices, availability of production facilities, housing needs and tourism growth in the study area, family participation in rice field management, marketing institutions, enforcement of awig-awig subak (penalties for rice field conversion), and the conditions of irrigation canals and roads to the farming area. Emission analysis, focusing on methane, demonstrated that the reduction in rice field area due to functional shifts between 2016 and 2020 led to a 21.95 percent decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.

Farmer Perspectives on Sustainable Urban Farming Tourism: A Case Study of Bali's Subak Lestari Program

“…The technical aspects in this study encompass the physical conditions of the Subak Lestari application, incorporating the development of farm roads to facilitate subak activities, the construction of farm roads to enhance public visits, the establishment of irrigation channels to fulfill subak needs, the provision of agricultural machinery and agricultural inputs tailored to subak requirements, the renovation of bale subak buildings to support subak activities, and the integration of supporting facilities to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the subak (Djelantik et al, 2023;Sriartha and Giyarsih, 2015). The results reveal that farmers' perceptions regarding technical aspects fall within the agree category (4.01), indicating a positive mindset toward these aspects, as detailed in Table 3 Table 3 further highlights farmers' perceptions based on technical aspects, with the highest indicator being the construction of Farmer Business Road (JUT) to support subak activities, scoring 4.74 in the strongly agreed category.…”