The Impact of REI on Italian Householdss Income: A Micro and Macro Evaluation

Assessing the effectiveness of the Italian Citizenship Income on tackling poverty and inequalities: evidences from Italian municipalities

“…In general, these data reflect the economic disparities present in Italy, underlining the importance of targeted public policies and specific interventions, in order to reduce inequalities, particularly in the southern and island regions, where socio-economic critical issues require attention priority (Simonazzi et al, 2013;Salvati and Carlucci, 2014;Checchi and Peragine, 2010;Lagravinese, 2015;Cerqua and Pellegrini, 2018;Mussida and Parisi, 2019;Accetturo et al, 2022;Chelli et al, 2023;Guzzardi et al, 2023). At the same time they highlight the need for an accurate evaluation of the protection programs implemented (Baldini et al, 2018b;Gallo, 2021;Busilacchi and Fabbri, 2023;Gallo and Raitano, 2023;Maitino et al, 2024)…”

“…Differently, in Western countries, which allocate larger shares of GDP to assistance, these programs seem to have a more nuanced impact (Almeida et al, 2022;Rauh and Santos, 2022;Gallo and Raitano, 2023;Guimarães and Lourenço, 2024), if not potentially negative in terms of macroeconomic evaluations (Conesa et al, 2023;Connolly et al, 2024;Daruich and Fernández, 2024). Despite this, even in these richer countries there are positive effects of these measures on income levels and poverty (Baldini et al, 2018b;Gallo, 2021;Tonutti et al, 2022), with specific regards to homeless citizens (Gubits et al, 2018;Baldini et al, 2023;Locks and Thuilliez, 2023), on unemployment (Terracol, 2009;Card et al, 2015Card et al, , 2018Calnitsky, 2020), and wage inequality (Calnitsky, 2020;Cantillon et al, 2020). This article enriches the existing literature by investigating the impact of income inequality in Italy on a specific Italian public policy of guaranteed minimum income, intended for families and individuals in difficulty, namely the Reddito di Cittadinanza (in English, Citizenship Income, hereinafter also just GMI, as a guaranteed minimum income), approved in 2019 and implemented until 2023.…”

“…2 Guaranteed minimum income. Theoretical frameworks and the Italian application Although the protection measures developed through guaranteed minimum income schemes have a consolidated history, in relation to the fight against poverty and the mitigation of the effects of unemployment (Marx and Nelson, 2013;Baldini et al, 2018a;Natili, 2020;Busilacchi and Fabbri, 2023), only recently, due to the increase in economic disparities have acquired an important value on an international scale as effective measures to combat socio-economic inequalities (Baldini et al, 2018b;Gallo, 2021;Gallo and Raitano, 2023).…”

“…At community level, the European institutions have repeatedly asked for the introduction of specific guaranteed minimum income schemes in all member states (Baldini et al, 2018b;Natili, 2020;Maitino et al, 2024). Today, minimum income schemes are present in all countries of the Union.…”

Anti-Poverty Measures in Italy: A Microsimulation Analysis

“…In Table 7 we show how recipient households are distributed among geographical areas, household size and class of benefit amount, under each of our take-up 32 A similar approach has already been adopted by Baldini et al (2018) in their analysis on the ReI.…”