The Impact of Refractory Material Properties on the Helium Cooled Divertor Design

Ductilisation of tungsten (W) through cold-rolling: R-curve behaviour

“…In the case of a straight crack, the current crack length, , can be derived from the potential drop according to Johnson's function [31]: (6) where is the initial crack length, and are the corresponding potential drops between the potential leads, whose distance is , and is the specimen width.…”

“…Using density functional theory (DFT), they showed that alloying with rhenium induces a transition of the core of the ½<111> screw dislocation from symmetric to asymmetric, which reduces the Peierls stress. Investigations of alloying tungsten with other elements rather than rhenium can be found in Luo et al (iridium (Ir)) [5] and Rieth et al (tantalum (Ta) and vanadium (V)) [6]. The work by Rieth et al shows that alloying tungsten with tantalum or vanadium does not lead to improved Charpy impact properties.…”

Chemical short-range order in derivative Cr–Ta–Ti–V–W high entropy alloys from the first-principles thermodynamic study

“…5 the configurational entropy of mixing (TS mix ) contribution to free energy of mixing as a function of temperature and composition is given. The TS mix contribution to the free energy of mixing was calculated using thermodynamic integration (TDI) from eqn (10), (11), (13) and (14) (see solid lines in Fig. 5) as well as from 1st nearest neighbours pair probabilities (1NN) using eqn (12)-(14) (see dashed lines in Fig.…”

“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Despite these significant efforts from both experimental and modelling investigations, detailed studies of conventional binary alloys revealed several constrains and limitations. For example, some of W-based binary alloys were found to deteriorate the mechanical properties 5,14,21 whereas for other systems such as W-Re, W-Os, transmutation induced precipitations were observed under neutron irradiation. [22][23][24][25] Therefore, the development of new high temperature W-based alloys for plasmafacing materials is paramount to enable fusion as a viable energy source.…”

Tungsten (W) Laminate Pipes for Innovative High Temperature Energy Conversion Systems

“…[32,33] However this effect does not seem to take place for tungstenvanadium (WV), tungsten-tantalum (WTa) and tungsten-molybdenum (WMo) solid solutions. [32,33,34,35] A second approach is the synthesis of a tungsten material with a UFG microstructure realized by either severe plastic deformation (SPD) via high pressure torsion (HPT) [36,37] or by mechanical alloying. [38,39] The third approach finally makes use of the synthesis of a W compound that can either be reinforced by particles, [40] randomly distributed short fibers [41] or uniaxial long fibers.…”