The Impact of Quantum Computing on Present Cryptography

Mavroeidis, Vasileios; Vishi, Kamer; Zych, Mateusz Dominik; Jøsang, Audun

doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2018.090354

Cited by 189 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…However, the main argument for a QKD system design is its security and not the key generation rate. Modern symmetric ciphers offer unprecedented security level and are widely considered to be as safe even with a quantum computer equipped adversary [16,17]. So there is no real need to generate gigabytes of one-time-pad key information: it is more than enough to have symmetric key change once in several seconds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical quantum key distribution with geometrically uniform states

Kravtsov

Молотков

2019

Phys. Rev. A

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In this paper we propose a practical quantum key distribution protocol based on geometrically uniform states and a standard decoy state technique. The protocol extends the ideas used in SARG04 to the limit where the core quantum communication is secure against unambiguous state discrimination and provides some level of inherent resistance to photon number splitting attacks. Additional decoy state overlay ensures its conformity to the conventional security requirements. The protocol security is analyzed by an explicit construction of the most optimal unitary attack, which is known to reach the tight security bound in the case of BB84.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical quantum key distribution with geometrically uniform states

Kravtsov

Молотков

2019

Phys. Rev. A

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“…Asymmetric encryption algorithms, which are based on factoring large integers (e.g., Rivest-Shamir-Adleman -RSA), discrete logarithms (e.g., Elliptic Curve Cryptography -ECC, and Diffie-Hellman key exchange), or similar approaches (see [18], [19] for review) will need to be replaced by quantum-resistant alternatives [18], [19]. Effective security strength, shown in Table 1, suggests that the strength of the RSA and ECC is somewhat weaker or comparable to AES on a CC, but is extremely weak on a QC.…”

Section: Asymmetric Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effective security strength of key encryption algorithms as per[18] Encryption algorithm Key size (bits) Effective security level on CCs (bits) Effective security level on QCs (bits)…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Advantage and the Y2K Bug: A Comparison

2021

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Quantum Computers (QCs), once they mature, will be able to solve some problems faster than Classic Computers. This phenomenon is called "quantum advantage" (which is often used interchangeably with a stronger term "quantum supremacy"). Quantum advantage will help us to speed up computations in many areas, from artificial intelligence to medicine. However, QC power can also be leveraged to break modern cryptographic algorithms, which pervade modern software: use cases range from encryption of Internet traffic, to encryption of disks, to signing blockchain ledgers. While the exact date when QCs will evolve to reach quantum advantage is unknown (the forecasts range between months and a decade), the consensus is that this future is near. Thus, in order to maintain crypto agility of the software, one needs to start preparing for the era of quantum advantage proactively (before the software and associated data are compromised). In this paper, we recap the effect of quantum advantage on the existing and new software systems, as well as the data that we currently store. We also highlight similarities and differences between the security challenges brought by QCs and the challenges that software engineers faced twenty years ago while fixing widespread Y2K bug. Technically, the Y2K bug and the quantum advantage problems are different: the former was caused by timing-related problems, while the latter is caused by a cryptographic algorithm being non-quantum-resistant. However, conceptually, the problems are similar: we know what the root cause is, the fix (strategically) is straightforward, yet the implementation of the fix is challenging. To address the quantum advantage challenge, we create a seven-step roadmap, deemed 7E. It is inspired by the lessons-learnt from the Y2K era amalgamated with modern knowledge. The roadmap gives developers a structured way to start preparing for the quantum advantage era, helping them to start planning for the creation of new as well as the evolution of the existent software.1. A hybrid of adiabatic and gate-based QC is promising [5], but no commercial implementation is available.

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“…Existing elliptic curves and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithms can be broken using Shor's algorithm on a quantum computer via factoring and computing discrete logarithms [13,129]. Though, schemes such as McEliece, lattice, hash, code, multivariate, and super-singular elliptic curve isogeny methods are envisaged to develop Quantum Resistant (QR) security systems [12,27,64,101].…”

Section: Quantum Security Ai and Predictive Data Analyticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Security Considerations for Internet of Things: A Survey

et al. 2020

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Interconnecting "things" and devices that takes the form of wearables, sensors, actuators, mobiles, computers, meters, or even vehicles is a critical requirement for the current era. These inter-networked connections are serving the emerging applications home and building automation, smart cities and infrastructure, smart industries, and smart-everything. However, the security of these connected Internet of things (IoT) plays a centric role with no margin for error. After a review of the relevant, online literature on the topic and after looking at the market trends and developments, one can notice that there are still concerns with regard to security in IoT products and services. This paper is focusing on a survey on IoT security and aims to highlight the most significant problems related to safety and security in the IoT ecosystems. This survey identifies the general threat and attack vectors against IoT devices while highlighting the flaws and weak points that can lead to breaching the security. Furthermore, this paper presents solutions for remediation of the compromised security, as well as methods for risk mitigation, with prevention and improvement suggestions.

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The Impact of Quantum Computing on Present Cryptography

Cited by 189 publications

References 70 publications

Practical quantum key distribution with geometrically uniform states

Practical quantum key distribution with geometrically uniform states

Quantum Advantage and the Y2K Bug: A Comparison

Security Considerations for Internet of Things: A Survey

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