“…The firm characteristics group consists of control variables related to the firm's identity, which includes variables related to its position in the industry, including capital expenditure, compared to the industry (CAPEXSC), and the firm's sales compared to the industry (SALESSIC). In addition, ownership structure has been known to influence market performance (al Farooque et al, 2020;Madyan et al, 2020;Din et al, 2021;) and also included in the model; namely, the percentage of public-owned shares (PUBLIC) and management owned shares (MANOWNER) (Brailsford & Yeoh, 2004). The rest of the firm characteristics groups also includes sector, firm size (Corvino et al, 2019;Chen & Chang, 2020;Kim et al, 2021), competition intensity (Javeed et al, 2020;Juniarti, 2020) and reputation of audit firm (REPUTATION) (Al-ahdal & Hashim, 2022).…”