The impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the immune system

Klaenhammer, Todd R.; Kleerebezem, Michiel; Kopp, Matthias; Rescigno, María

doi:10.1038/nri3312

Cited by 278 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Since domesticated rodents and their microbiota are now well adapted to these diets, these results might help to explain, in part, some of the variability and sometimes poor efficacy that has been observed in many probiotic and prebiotic studies (51,52). Differences in diet variety and complexity might also explain why fecal Proteobacteria are typically more abundant in chow-fed domesticated mice (15%) than in humans (3.7%), since humans consume a variety of whole and processed foods (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet Complexity and Estrogen Receptor β Status Affect the Composition of the Murine Intestinal Microbiota

Menon

Watson

Thomas

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

127

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Intestinal microbial dysbiosis contributes to the dysmetabolism of luminal factors, including steroid hormones (sterones) that affect the development of chronic gastrointestinal inflammation and the incidence of sterone-responsive cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon. Little is known, however, about the role of specific host sterone nucleoreceptors, including estrogen receptor ␤ (ER␤), in microbiota maintenance. Herein, we test the hypothesis that ER␤ status affects microbiota composition and determine if such compositionally distinct microbiota respond differently to changes in diet complexity that favor Proteobacteria enrichment. To this end, conventionally raised female ER␤ ؉/؉ and ER␤ ؊/؊ C57BL/6J mice (mean age of 27 weeks) were initially reared on 8604, a complex diet containing estrogenic isoflavones, and then fed AIN-76, an isoflavone-free semisynthetic diet, for 2 weeks. 16S rRNA gene surveys revealed that the fecal microbiota of 8604-fed mice and AIN-76-fed mice differed, as expected. The relative diversity of Proteobacteria, especially the Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, increased significantly following the transition to AIN-76. Distinct patterns for beneficial Lactobacillales were exclusive to and highly abundant among 8604-fed mice, whereas several Proteobacteria were exclusive to AIN-76-fed mice. Interestingly, representative orders of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, including the Lactobacillales, also differed as a function of murine ER␤ status. Overall, these interactions suggest that sterone nucleoreceptor status and diet complexity may play important roles in microbiota maintenance. Furthermore, we envision that this model for gastrointestinal dysbiosis may be used to identify novel probiotics, prebiotics, nutritional strategies, and pharmaceuticals for the prevention and resolution of Proteobacteria-rich dysbiosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet Complexity and Estrogen Receptor β Status Affect the Composition of the Murine Intestinal Microbiota

Menon

Watson

Thomas

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

127

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“…Similarly, the genera Butyrivibrio, Campylobacter, and Desulfobulbus might also participate in fibrolytic enzyme secretion, and the genus Fusobacterium is related to starch degradation. Furthermore, specific commensal microbes have been reported to modulate host immune responses via proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways, as well as epithelial-cell-mediated signals (42,43). Therefore, further investigation to better explain the symbiotic relationship between the ruminal epithelial microbiota and the host is warranted.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonomic Identification of Ruminal Epithelial Bacterial Diversity during Rumen Development in Goats

Jiao

Huang

Zhou

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bUnderstanding of the colonization process of epithelial bacteria attached to the rumen tissue during rumen development is very limited. Ruminal epithelial bacterial colonization is of great significance for the relationship between the microbiota and the host and can influence the early development and health of the host. MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and quantitative realtime PCR (qPCR) were applied to characterize ruminal epithelial bacterial diversity during rumen development in this study. Seventeen goat kids were selected to reflect the no-rumination (0 and 7 days), transition (28 and 42 days), and rumination (70 days) phases of animal development. Alpha diversity indices (operational taxonomic unit [OTU] numbers, Chao estimate, and Shannon index) increased (P < 0.01) with age, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed that the samples clustered together according to age group. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were detected as the dominant phyla regardless of the age group, and the abundance of Proteobacteria declined quadratically with age (P < 0.001), while the abundances of Bacteroidetes (P ‫؍‬ 0.088) and Firmicutes (P ‫؍‬ 0.009) increased with age. At the genus level, Escherichia (80.79%) dominated at day zero, while Prevotella, Butyrivibrio, and Campylobacter surged (linearly; P < 0.01) in abundance at 42 and 70 days. qPCR showed that the total copy number of epithelial bacteria increased linearly (P ‫؍‬ 0.013) with age. In addition, the abundances of the genera Butyrivibrio, Campylobacter, and Desulfobulbus were positively correlated with rumen weight, rumen papilla length, ruminal ammonia and total volatile fatty acid concentrations, and activities of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and xylanase. Taking the data together, colonization by ruminal epithelial bacteria is age related (achieved at 2 months) and might participate in the anatomic and functional development of the rumen. R ecent years have witnessed growing interest in the diversity and function of ruminal epithelial bacteria. It has been demonstrated that ruminal epithelial bacteria are involved in oxygen scavenging, tissue recycling, and urea digestion (1). Furthermore, in steers, the ruminal epithelial bacterial communities of acidosisresistant and acidosis-susceptible groups were different during subacute ruminal acidosis development, and this difference could be recognized by the host TLRs (Toll-like receptors), which are associated with changes in the function of the rumen epithelial tissue barrier (2). Similarly, in the mouse colon, epithelial bacterial diversity correlated with TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression (3). These findings reveal that since epithelial bacteria are directly attached to the epithelial surface, their end products may play a direct or indirect role in host immune responses and tissue barrier function.Ruminal epithelial bacteria are distinctly different at the taxonomic level from bacteria associated with rumen contents (4, 5). By use of culture-based tech...

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“…The microbiota have coevolved with the host and have a key role in host's metabolism and immunity (Hooper et al, 2001;Backhed et al, 2004;Gill et al, 2006;Round and Mazmanian, 2009;Klaenhammer et al, 2012). Imbalance in the gut microbiota composition has been associated with diseases (Ley et al, 2005;Turnbaugh et al, 2008;Vijay-Kumar et al, 2010;Blaser, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host adaptive immunity alters gut microbiota

et al. 2014

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It has long been recognized that the mammalian gut microbiota has a role in the development and activation of the host immune system. Much less is known on how host immunity regulates the gut microbiota. Here we investigated the role of adaptive immunity on the mouse distal gut microbial composition by sequencing 16 S rRNA genes from microbiota of immunodeficient Rag1 À / À mice, versus wild-type mice, under the same housing environment. To detect possible interactions among immunological status, age and variability from anatomical sites, we analyzed samples from the cecum, colon, colonic mucus and feces before and after weaning. High-throughput sequencing showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia dominated mouse gut bacterial communities. Rag1 À mice had a distinct microbiota that was phylogenetically different from wildtype mice. In particular, the bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila was highly enriched in Rag1 À / À mice compared with the wild type. This enrichment was suppressed when Rag1 À / À mice received bone marrows from wild-type mice. The microbial community diversity increased with age, albeit the magnitude depended on Rag1 status. In addition, Rag1 À / À mice had a higher gain in microbiota richness and evenness with increase in age compared with wild-type mice, possibly due to the lack of pressure from the adaptive immune system. Our results suggest that adaptive immunity has a pervasive role in regulating gut microbiota's composition and diversity.

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The impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the immune system

Cited by 278 publications

References 67 publications

Diet Complexity and Estrogen Receptor β Status Affect the Composition of the Murine Intestinal Microbiota

Diet Complexity and Estrogen Receptor β Status Affect the Composition of the Murine Intestinal Microbiota

Taxonomic Identification of Ruminal Epithelial Bacterial Diversity during Rumen Development in Goats

Host adaptive immunity alters gut microbiota

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