The impact of pRAP vectors on plant genetic transformation and pathogenesis studies including an analysis of BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1)-mediated resistance

Abstract

2021) The impact of pRAP vectors on plant genetic transformation and pathogenesis studies including an analysis of BRI1-ASSOCIATEDRECEPTORKINASE1(BAK1)-mediated resistance,

Glycine max Homologs of DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS 1, 2, and 3 Function to Impair Heterodera glycines Parasitism While Also Regulating Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Expression

“…Laser microdissection (LM) of H. glycines -induced feeding structures (syncytia) developing from parasitized root cells (pericycle) undergoing the process of defense is part of the experimental process used to identify the DMI genes under study (Klink et al, 2005 , 2010a , 2021a ). Two different H. glycines -resistant G. max genotypes are experimented on to identify consistently expressed candidate defense genes (Klink et al, 2011 , 2021a ; Matsye et al, 2011 ). To identify the DMI genes, H. glycines -resistant G .…”

“…max [PI88788] are infected with H . glycines [NL1−Rhg/HG−type7/race3] , generating a defense response (Klink et al, 2021a ). Roots are processed for paraffin-embedding and histology, followed by LM (Klink et al, 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010a , b , 2011 , 2017 , 2021a , b ).…”

“…A second branch, involving the perception of pathogen effectors, leads to effector triggered immunity (ETI) which if strong enough results in a hypersensitive response (HR) that leads to the sacrifice (death) of the affected cells/tissues (Jones and Dangl, 2006 ). PTI and ETI receptors signal through MAPKs leading to defense to H. glycines (Gopalan et al, 1996 ; Desikan et al, 1998 ; Asai et al, 2002 ; Day et al, 2006 ; Chinchilla et al, 2007 ; Aljaafri et al, 2017 ; McNeece et al, 2017 , 2019 ; Klink et al, 2021a ). MAPK expression leads to increased relative transcript abundances (RTAs) of genes within the H. glycines -induced syncytia undergoing a defense response that also have a demonstrated function in the defense response (Matsye et al, 2012 ; Pant et al, 2014 ; Sharma et al, 2016 , 2020 ; Klink et al, 2017 , 2021a ; McNeece et al, 2017 , 2019 ).…”

“…PTI and ETI receptors signal through MAPKs leading to defense to H. glycines (Gopalan et al, 1996 ; Desikan et al, 1998 ; Asai et al, 2002 ; Day et al, 2006 ; Chinchilla et al, 2007 ; Aljaafri et al, 2017 ; McNeece et al, 2017 , 2019 ; Klink et al, 2021a ). MAPK expression leads to increased relative transcript abundances (RTAs) of genes within the H. glycines -induced syncytia undergoing a defense response that also have a demonstrated function in the defense response (Matsye et al, 2012 ; Pant et al, 2014 ; Sharma et al, 2016 , 2020 ; Klink et al, 2017 , 2021a ; McNeece et al, 2017 , 2019 ). Consequently, the identification of CSP gene expression occurring in syncytia undergoing the defense response indicates they may have a dual function in symbiosis and defense (Klink et al, 2009 , 2010a , b , 2011 , 2021a , b ).…”

“…MAPK expression leads to increased relative transcript abundances (RTAs) of genes within the H. glycines -induced syncytia undergoing a defense response that also have a demonstrated function in the defense response (Matsye et al, 2012 ; Pant et al, 2014 ; Sharma et al, 2016 , 2020 ; Klink et al, 2017 , 2021a ; McNeece et al, 2017 , 2019 ). Consequently, the identification of CSP gene expression occurring in syncytia undergoing the defense response indicates they may have a dual function in symbiosis and defense (Klink et al, 2009 , 2010a , b , 2011 , 2021a , b ). Importantly, symbiosis and defense recruit calcium signaling with plant defense processes recruiting Ca 2+ signaling in the cytoplasm while symbiosis employs nuclear Ca 2+ signaling (Lévy et al, 2004 ; Mitra et al, 2004 ; Kwaaitaal et al, 2011 ; Ranf et al, 2011 , 2014 ; Maintz et al, 2014 ; Keinath et al, 2015 ).…”