The Impact of PLL Dynamics on the Low Inertia Power Grid: A Case Study of Bonaire Island Power System

Abstract

To prepare for the future high penetration level of renewable energy sources, the power grid’s technical boundaries/constraints for the correct operation of powerelectronics interfaced devices need to be further examined and defined. This paper investigates the challenge of integrating Voltage Source Converters (VSC) into low inertia power grids, where the system frequency can vary rapidly due to the low kinetic energy buffer available, which used to be provided by the rotational inertia of synchronous generators. The impact of rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) on the PLL dynamics and its subsequent influence on the VSC power stage output is explained. The Bonaire island network is presented as case study. The performance of the VSC is analyzed under a fast ROCOF event, which is triggered by a short circuit fault. A down-scaled experiment is used to validate the Bonaire island network simulation results. It shows that the phase angle error measured by the synchronous-reference frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) is proportional to the slope of the ROCOF and inversely proportional to its controller integral gain constant.

Frequency-Tracking Algorithm Based on SOGI-FLL for Wireless Power Transfer System to Operate ZPA Region

“…But it is delayed by 90 degrees of the output on the `. The SOGI-QSG closed-loop functions of the filter can be written as ( 14) and (15), where ` and gain 1 set the center frequency damping factor separately [14][15][16][17]. ( ) =`( )…”

Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems

“…Messo et al [2] demonstrate that it is possible to implement an emulator for a grid-connected three-phase inverter by applying a high-bandwidth amplifier, which can be used effectively to study the dynamic behavior of AC microgrids. Sun et al [3] study the behavior of the phase locked loop (PLL) of the grid-connected power converter during a phenomenon known as rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and its influence on the stability of the grid. Such a phenomenon has been observed to take place in the Bonaire Island power grid as a consequence of a grid fault.…”

“…This special issue of Energies contains four invited submissions [1][2][3][4], three review articles [5][6][7], and twenty-three research articles covering different topics in renewable energy systems. The authors' geographical distribution is:…”

New SOGI-FLL Grid Frequency Monitoring with a Finite State Machine Approach for Better Response in the Face of Voltage Sag and Swell Faults

“…Second, the same FSM algorithm is applied for voltage swells, due to the fact that they cause a perturbation in the frequency response that is symmetric and opposite to that of voltage sags. The response for a 1.8 pu voltage swell is like a mirror of the response to a 0.2 pu voltage sag [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Consequently, the same FSM is applied to voltage swells with a few additional considerations that make the algorithm more versatile.…”