“…Like earlier studies, most recent work in this area treats compensation contracts as exogenous and looks for a positive relationship between executives' equity incentives and earnings management (Larcker, Richardson, and Tuna, 2007;Cheng and Warfield, 2005), the frequency of accounting restatements (Harris and Bromiley, 2007;Burns and Kedia, 2006;Efendi, Srivastava, and Swanson, 2007;Armstrong, Jagolinzer, and Larcker, 2010a), or SEC Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (Erickson, Hanlon, and Maydew, 2006;Johnson, Ryan, and, Tian, 2009). Most studies adopt a "rent extraction" perspective and interpret a positive relationship between equity incentives and accounting manipulation as a symptom of "bad" governance and misaligned managerial incentives.…”