The Impact of Orthodontic Treatment on the Periodontal Status of Patients

Abstract

Today, the frequency of dental and jaw anomalies and the need for their correction is extremely high. Orthodontic treatment has a direct impact on the state of the apparatus that supports and retains the teeth; this requires timely detection of periodontal diseases and their therapy in order to save the teeth and successfully correct the bite.
 The purpose of this work is to review and analyze modern professional literature on the impact of orthodontic treatment of maxillofacial anomalies on the periodontal status of patients, in particular pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of periodontal diseases and features of their clinical course in this category of patients.
 The study has demonstrated the use of various types of orthodontic appliances for the treatment of maxillofacial anomalies is accompanied by the deterioration of hygienic status, a decrease in the local immune response, dysbiotic changes in periodontal tissues, hemodynamic and microcirculatory disorders and loss of bone tissue. This causes the rapid development and progression of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues such as catarrhal and hypertrophic gingivitis, as well as generalized periodontitis in young and working-age individuals. Therefore, the analysis of this problem is relevant and necessary for deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of the development of this pathology in persons having orthodontic treatment, for its timely diagnosis and prevention.
 The in-depth analysis of scientific literature on the issue enables to systematize and understand the main pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of periodontal diseases in patients during orthodontic treatment. Both the negative multi-vector effect of orthodontic appliances on the periodontal status of patients due to the deterioration of hygienic indicators and the increase of microbial contamination in the early stages of treatment, as well as the positive role in stabilizing the state of supporting tissues in the long term, were noted.